关键词:  黑水虻, 动物饲料, 活性物质, 营养成分, 饲料添加剂, 循环利用

Abstract: The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, is a resource insect with significant potential in sustainable animal feeds due to its efficient conversion of organic waste and rich nutritional profile. The crude protein content in its larvae is intermediate between that in fish meal and that in soybean meal, and it is abundant in essential amino acids, lauric acid and various bioactive substances such as antimicrobial peptides, making it a high-quality alternative protein source that can help reduce farming costs and improve animal production performance. In this article, we systematically reviewed the substitution effects and application research of different forms of H. illucens products (defatted/full-fat insect meal, insect oil and fresh larvae) in aquatic, poultry and swine feeds. Studies have shown that the optimal inclusion levels of H. illucens vary depending on the animal species and product forms. In aquatic feeds, defatted insect meal of H. illucens can replace 30%-75% of fish meal, full-fat insect meal is suitable for replacing 11.60%-50.00% of fish meal, insect oil can partially or fully substitute conventional lipids, and feeding with fresh larvae at an inclusion rate of approximately 15% improves growth performance and muscle quality. In poultry feeds, adding 3%-15% of defatted insect meal of H. illucens enhances production performance and egg quality, adding 15%-50% of full-fat insect meal does not compromise growth and optimizes meat quality, replacing 50%-100% of soybean oil with insect oil regulates lipid metabolism, and fresh larvae supplementation helps improve animal welfare and product quality. In swine feeds, replacing 3% of fish meal of H. illucens with defatted insect meal maintains growth and improves digestion, adding up to 4% of full-fat insect meal promotes serum parameters and intestinal health, insect oil supports growth and intestinal development, and fresh larvae help reduce abnormal behaviors. We further summarized the key challenges in the utilization of H. illucens in feeds, including the antinutritional effects of chitin, safety risks and limitations in processing technologies, and proposed strategies such as enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation treatments, optimization of harvest instar, substrate safety control and advanced product development. Additionally, bioactive substances derived from H. illucens (e.g., antimicrobial peptides) exhibit functions such as antibacterial activity and degradation of antibiotics and mycotoxins, providing new resources and pathways for the development of novel feed additives and functional products. This review aims to provide a systematic reference for the scientific application of H. illucens in animal feeds, promoting its large-scale and safe utilization in low-carbon animal husbandry and sustainable agricultural systems.

Key words: Hermetia illucens, animal feeds, active substances, nutrients, feed additives, recycling utilization