昆虫学报 ›› 2020, Vol. 63 ›› Issue (10): 1268-1275.doi: 10.16380/j.kcxb.2020.10.012

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昆虫着色及体表黑色斑纹和斑点形成机制研究进展

高云#, 梁燕婷#, 留怡勤, 徐豫松, 王华兵*   

  1. (浙江大学动物科学学院, 杭州 310058)
  • 出版日期:2020-10-20 发布日期:2020-11-06

Research progress in pigmentation and the formation mechanisms of black stripes and spots on the body in insects

GAO Yun#, LIANG Yan-Ting#, LIU Yi-Qin, XU Yu-Song, WANG Hua-Bing   

  1. (College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China)
  • Online:2020-10-20 Published:2020-11-06

摘要:  昆虫在生长发育的过程中,会不断受到捕食者的攻击,为逃避被捕食在长期的适应进化中展现出各种适应性的形态特征,体色和斑纹的适应性变化是其中重要的防御策略。昆虫多样的着色模式常用于释放警告信号或者模仿宿主植物,避免被其他动物捕食并且加速逃避学习,而且在寻求伴侣、适应地理、调节体温和抵抗紫外线等方面发挥重要的生物功能,是昆虫学研究的热点之一。鳞翅目昆虫具有分布广、种类多的特点,大量的斑点和斑纹模式常见于鳞翅目昆虫中,其生物学功能比其他动物更明显。近年来研究发现色素色和结构色是昆虫主要的着色模式,眼色素、黑色素以及喋啶类色素是影响昆虫着色最重要的色素;而昆虫的寄主、环境因素、激素显著影响昆虫多样性着色模式的形成。利用定位克隆、经典遗传连锁图谱、RNA干涉、基因组编辑、高通量测序等技术分离鉴定出了多个调控鳞翅目昆虫着色的关键基因。研究表明, TH, DDC, yellow, laccase2, ebony, AA-NAT, tanGTPCHI是昆虫色素合成信号通路中的关键基因,而多效性基因spz3, apt-likewnt1以及20E诱导的转录因子E75Aspalt通过影响鳞翅目昆虫黑色素合成信号通路的活性从而调控黑色素的合成与沉积。本文对昆虫体色和斑纹多样性的形成和影响因素,昆虫着色类型及物质基础,以及黑色斑点和斑纹形成和调节机制方面的研究进展作了整理和总结,以期为今后着色基因的利用以及害虫防治提供理论参考。

关键词:  鳞翅目, 体色, 着色模式, 色素合成, 基因编辑, RNAi

Abstract:  Insects are constantly attacked by predators and exhibit adaptive traits for defense against predators during their growth and development. One of the defense strategies is an adaptive stripe pattern. The various coloration patterns of insects represent warning signals or mimic host plants to escape detection by predators and hasten avoidance learning. Furthermore, insect pigmentation patterns play important roles in such processes as mate preference, geographical adaptation, thermoregulation, and ultraviolet resistance. Thus, multifarious pigmentation patterns are highly researched. Lepidopteran insects include multiple species that are widely distributed. The adaptive stripe pattern is often observed in lepidopteran insects; thus, its biological roles are more evident than those in other insects. Recent research suggests that pigmentary color and schemochrome are the main determinants of insect color patterns, and ommochromes, melanin, and peridines significantly influence visual color patterns. In addition, hosts, environmental factors, and hormones are also thought to dramatically affect the diversity of color patterns in insects. In recent years, many genes that are crucial to pigmentation have been identified through positional cloning strategies, classical linkage maps, RNA interference, and high-throughput sequencing technologies combined with genome editing techniques. Recent studies suggest that TH, DDC, yellow, laccase2, ebony, AA-NAT, tan, and GTPCHI all play key roles in pigment synthesis. Furthermore, the pleiotropic genes spz3, apt-like, and wnt1 as well as the 20E-inducible transcription factors E75A and spalt target the melanin synthesis pathway, affecting the synthesis and deposition of melanin. In this article, we reviewed the progress in the research of the formation and influencing factors of the diversity of insect body color and markings, the type and material basis of insect coloration, and the regulation of black spots and markings on insects, hoping to provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of pigmentation-related genes and new insights for pest control.

Key words: Lepidoptera, body color, pigmentation pattern, pigment synthesis, gene editing; RNAi