西双版纳入侵长足捷蚁与土著黄猄蚁的种间竞争

doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2021.10.009

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

【目的】入侵物种能够通过竞争影响本地物种的种群，从而影响入侵地的生物多样性。长足光捷蚁Anoplolepis gracilipes是全球最具破坏力的入侵蚂蚁之一。本研究旨在明确西双版纳地区入侵长足捷蚁与土著优势种蚂蚁黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina之间的竞争关系。【方法】通过野外调查和室内控制试验相结合的方法，观察和对比分析长足捷蚁和黄猄蚁的体型大小，雾凉季和雨季的巢穴外觅食活动规律，觅食能力(搜寻食物的时间、在觅食时间内召集的最大工蚁数)，打斗行为(不同打斗组合的攻击强度和死亡率)以及对饥渴的耐受性(无食物和水分供应时平均存活时间和存活率随时间的变化)。【结果】长足捷蚁工蚁体长(3.66±0.06 mm)显著小于黄猄蚁工蚁(8.27±0.16 mm)。在雾凉季时，长足捷蚁具有比黄猄蚁更长的觅食活动时间;而在雨季时，两种蚂蚁均在下午温度较高时段觅食活动的个体数量减少。苹果、蜂蜜和火腿肠3种食物作为诱饵时，长足捷蚁具有更快搜寻食物的能力，4~8 min便能找寻到食物，而黄猄蚁需要8~21 min才能找寻到食物，此外在寻找到食物后，长足捷蚁也有更快召集同伴的能力。在人工控制试验中，1头长足捷蚁和1头黄猄蚁同时存在时主要以不攻击和低强度攻击为主，而当两种蚂蚁中的任意其中一种的个体数量增加到5头时，攻击强度会显著增加，两种蚂蚁均存在种间协作行为。在饥渴状态下，两种蚂蚁工蚁的平均存活时间差异不显著，但长足捷蚁最长存活120 h，黄猄蚁最长存活96 h。【结论】在西双版纳地区，长足捷蚁相较于土著黄猄蚁具有更强的觅食的能力，雾凉季觅食活动时间更长，暗示长足捷蚁可能具有较强的温度适应能力。有必要加强对这一入侵蚂蚁的研究，并密切关注其种群在该地区的发展。

关键词: 长足捷蚁, 黄猄蚁, 入侵物种, 寿命, 行为, 食物资源, 生态位竞争

Abstract:

【Aim】 Invasive species can affect the biodiversity of an invasive site by influencing native species populations through competition. Anoplolepis gracilipes is one of the most destructive invasive ants in the world. This study aims to identify the competitive relationship between A. gracilipes and a dominant indigenous ant species Oecophylla smaragdina in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China. 【Methods】 By combining field investigation and the controlled experiment, the body size, the patterns of foraging activity outside the nest in cold fog season and rainy season, the foraging ability (foraging time and the maximum number of recruited workers within foraging time), the fighting behavior (attack intensity and mortality in different fighting combinations), and the starvation and thirst tolerance (the mean survival time and survival rate along time when no food and water were supplied) between A. gracilipes and O. smaragdina were observed and comparatively analyzed. 【Results】 The body length of A. gracilipes workers (3.66±0.06 mm) was significantly smaller than that of O. smaragdina workers (8.27±0.16 mm). The foraging time of A. gracilipes was longer than that of O. smaragdina in the fog cold season, while the numbers of foraging individuals of both species decreased in the high temperature period of the afternoon in the rainy season. When three different foods (apple, bee honey and sausage) were used as the bait, A. gracilipes only needed 4-8 min to find food, while O. smaragdina needed 8-21 min to find food. After finding food, A. gracilipes workers had the ability to gather their companions faster than O. smaragdina. In the controlled experiments, no attack or low intensity attack occurred predominantly in the combination of one individual of A. gracilipes with one individual of O. smaragdina, and when the number of individuals of either of the two species increased to five, the fighting intensity increased significantly, and both species exhibited intraspecific cooperation. There was no significant difference in the average survival time of workers between the two species under starvation and thirst, but A. gracilipes could survive for 120 h, while O. smaragdina could only survive for 96 h. 【Conclusion】 A. gracilipes exhibits stronger ability to forage and longer activity duration in the fog cold season than the indigenous ant species O. smaragdina in Xishuangbanna, suggesting that A. gracilipes may have strong temperature adaptability. It is necessary to intensify the research on this invasive species, and its population development in this area should be paid close attention to.

Key words: Anoplolepis gracilipes, Oecophylla smaragdina, invasive species, longevity, behavior, food resource, niche competition

吕晓艳, 刘霞, 张媛. 西双版纳入侵长足捷蚁与土著黄猄蚁的种间竞争[J]. 昆虫学报, 2021, 64(10): 1196-1204.

LÜ Xiao-Yan, LIU Xia, ZHANG Yuan. Inter-specific competition between invasive ant Anoplolepis gracilipes and native ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China[J]. Acta Entomologica Sinica, 2021, 64(10): 1196-1204.

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西双版纳入侵长足捷蚁与土著黄猄蚁的种间竞争

Inter-specific competition between invasive ant Anoplolepis gracilipes and native ant Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Xishuangbanna, southwestern China

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