蚜虫的表型可塑性及其遗传基础

›› 2006, Vol. 49 ›› Issue (5): 859-866.

蚜虫的表型可塑性及其遗传基础

陈倩，沈佐锐^*，王永模

(中国农业大学农学与生物技术学院IPMist实验室，北京100094)

出版日期:2006-11-03 发布日期:2006-10-20
通讯作者: 沈佐锐

Phenotypic plasticity of aphids and its genetic basis

CHEN Qian, SHEN Zuo-Rui, Wang Yong-Mo

(Laboratory of IPMist, College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China)

Online:2006-11-03 Published:2006-10-20
Contact: SHEN Qian

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 表型可塑性(phenotypic plasticity)是有机体在适应生物或非生物环境时呈现不同表型的能力，并且有遗传基础。蚜虫是农林业的重要经济害虫，易受外部环境因素和自身遗传因素的影响而表现出表型的可塑性。本文综述了外部环境因素（如寄主植物、温度、光照、天敌等）的变异对蚜虫表型的影响。总体来说，蚜虫表型会因寄主植物的种类、品系以及发育阶段和营养状况的不同而有所差异；温度变化对不同蚜虫种类的生殖力、生存力以及有翅蚜产生与否有极大影响。研究人员利用RAPD-PCR、微卫星等分子遗传标记确认寄主植物和温度是造成蚜虫种群遗传分化的重要因素。就内部因素而言，不同的蚜虫种类以及同一种蚜虫的不同克隆系在表型和遗传进化上也有不同程度的差异，在蚜虫受外界条件影响的不同虫态以及不同体色克隆系、不同生活周期的类群之间, 其生物学、生态学和遗传学都有所差异。分析上述各个因素对蚜虫表型可塑性的影响，对于蚜虫的生态进化研究和有效治理蚜害均有重要意义。本文在最后讨论了还有必要深入研究的诸多问题，如表观遗传调控，包括DNA甲基化、基因所在的核小体上的组蛋白的共价修饰和染色质重塑、siRNA介导的基因沉默以及微RNA（microRNA 或 miRNA）调控的基因表达变化等，又如有翅蚜的表型和遗传学研究，以及全球气候变化对蚜虫的生态进化的影响等问题。

关键词: 蚜虫, 环境因素, 遗传因素, 表型可塑性, 表型, 遗传进化

Abstract:

Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of an organism to express different phenotypes based on genetic basis under different biotic or abiotic environment. Aphids are small herbivorous insects, renowned as pests of economic significance in agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Aphids often exhibit diverse phenotypes, corresponding to the change of environmental factors, such as host plants, temperature, light and natural enemies. For example, phenotypic plasticity of aphids can be influenced by such factors of host plants as species and varieties, growth stages, and even amino acids composting of the host plants. High or low temperature can influence survival, fecundity and longevity, and determine the form of winged or wingless morphs of aphids. It had been proved by RAPD-PCR, SSR or other molecular markers that those phenomena were the integrated results of the host plants, temperature, species and clones of aphids. There were biological, ecological and genetic differences among the clones of different colours and among seasonal populations of aphids. It is helpful to analyze impacts of the above-mentioned factors either in research on the evolution or the control of aphids. In addition, issues that may be needed to study in the future are discussed at the last paragraph, including epigenetic regulation (DNA methylation, histone code, X-inactivation, genomic imprinting), the importance to study the winged aphids, and effects of global climate change on the evolution of aphids.

Key words: Aphids, environmental factors, genetic factors, phenotypic plasticity, phenotype, inheritance and evolution

陈倩，沈佐锐^*，王永模. 蚜虫的表型可塑性及其遗传基础[J]. , 2006, 49(5): 859-866.

CHEN Qian, SHEN Zuo-Rui, Wang Yong-Mo. Phenotypic plasticity of aphids and its genetic basis[J]. , 2006, 49(5): 859-866.

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