昆虫学报 ›› 2019, Vol. 62 ›› Issue (12): 1469-1482.doi: 10.16380/j.kcxb.2019.12.012

• 综 述 • 上一篇    下一篇

马铃薯块茎蛾生物学、生态学与综合治理

闫俊杰, 张梦迪, 高玉林*   

  1. (中国农业科学院植物保护研究所, 植物病虫害生物学国家重点实验室, 北京 100193)
  • 出版日期:2019-12-20 发布日期:2019-12-12

Biology, ecology and integrated management of the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

YAN Jun-Jie, ZHANG Meng-Di, GAO Yu-Lin*    

  1. (State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China)
  • Online:2019-12-20 Published:2019-12-12

摘要:  马铃薯块茎蛾又称烟草潜叶蛾Phthorimaea operculella,起源于中美洲和南美洲北部地区,现已分布在亚洲、欧洲、北美洲、非洲等100多个国家,是茄科作物的世界性农业害虫,尤其对马铃薯有毁灭性的危害。目前,该虫在我国南方马铃薯产区普遍发生,尤其是在云南、四川、贵州等地区该害虫发生极为严重,且随着气候的变化该虫可能会扩散到其他马铃薯生产区。马铃薯块茎蛾主要进行两性生殖,少数孤雌生殖,其幼虫钻蛀叶片和薯块危害。初孵幼虫无性二态性,4龄幼虫、蛹和成虫均可依据外形特征进行雌雄区分。马铃薯块茎蛾发生世代数取决于当地的农业气候条件,年发生2~12代。马铃薯块茎蛾对温度有广泛的适应性,且在干燥炎热的年份该虫容易大爆发。马铃薯块茎蛾早期防控主要集中在种植抗性品种、深种、灌溉等农业防治措施上,但化学防治依然是马铃薯生产过程中防治马铃薯块茎蛾的主要方式,由于化学农药的广泛使用,该虫对有机磷类、拟除虫菊酯类等杀虫剂均产生了不同程度的抗性;为了减少化学农药的使用,延缓抗药性的发展,发现并筛选到多种对马铃薯块茎蛾具有防治作用的天敌昆虫和昆虫病原微生物。以(E4,Z7)十三碳二烯基乙酸酯和(E4,Z7,Z10)十三碳三烯基乙酸酯为主要成分的马铃薯块茎蛾性信息素在马铃薯块茎蛾监测和防治中也取得了较好的效果。桉树、皱叶薄荷等植物源化合物能够抑制马铃薯块茎蛾产卵;转基因抗虫马铃薯、遗传不育技术等绿色防控技术也成为了防控马铃薯块茎蛾的新方法。以往的研究发现使用单一生物防治手段很难达到理想的防控效果,集成与生物防控技术相容的化学物质、自然天敌和病原微生物等技术是有效控制马铃薯块茎蛾种群的重要趋势。本文系统综述了国内外马铃薯块茎蛾发生为害规律及综合防控技术研究进展,以期为马铃薯块茎蛾的持续治理提供参考依据。

关键词: 马铃薯块茎蛾, 茄科, 害虫, 生物学, 生态学, 综合治理

Abstract: The potato tuber moth (PTM), Phthorimaea operculella, also known as tobacco leafminer, is a worldwide agricultural pest of Solanaceae crops, especially destructive to potatoes. It originated from the northern region of Central and South America and now has been distributed in more than 100 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, Africa and other regions. At present, this pest occurs in southern potato production areas in China, especially in Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou provinces, and the moth is likely to spread to other potato producing areas with climate change. P. operculella reproduces mainly by sexual reproduction and occasionally by parthenogenesis. Its larvae burrow into cavities in potato leaves and tubers. There is no sexual dimorphism in the newly hatched larvae; however, the sex of the 4th instar larva, pupa and adult can be distinguished based on the morphological characteristics. The number of generations of PTM depends on local agricultural climatic conditions, ranging from 2-12 generations per year. P. operculella has high adaptability to temperature fluctuations, and it is prone to large outbreaks in dry and hot years. Early prevention and control mainly focus on agricultural control measures such as selecting resistant varieties, deep seeding and irrigation. Chemical control is still the main way to control PTM. However, due to the widespread use of chemical pesticides, this insect has developed resistance to organophosphates, pyrethroids and other insecticides. In order to reduce the use of chemical pesticides and to slow down the development of pesticide resistance, a variety of natural enemies and insect pathogenic microorganisms have been found and screened for the control of PTM. The sex pheromone of PTM with (E4, Z7)tridecadienyl acetate and (E4, Z7, Z10)tridecacenyl acetate as the main components are effective for monitoring and control of PTM. Eucalyptus, ruffle mint and other plantderived compounds can inhibit the PTM oviposition. Transgenic insect-resistant potatoes and sterile insect technique have also become new methods for the prevention and control of PTM. Previous studies have revealed that it is difficult to achieve the ideal control effect by using a single biological control method, so integrating chemical substances, natural enemies and pathogenic microorganisms compatible with biological control technology is an important trend to effectively control the PTM population. In this article we reviewed the research progresses of the occurrence and damage and the comprehensive prevention and control technology of PTM at home and abroad systematically, hoping to provide reference sources for the sustainable management of PTM.

Key words: Phthorimaea operculella, Solanaceae, insect pests, biology, ecology, integrated management