Abstract: Specific interactions were involved in host plant-herbivore-parasitoid system based on the adaptive strategies and coevolution on tritrophic interactions. The evolution of insecticide resistance in both herbivore and parasitoid wasps was affected by selection pressure. However, different evolution models of insecticide resistance might exist in parasitoids and herbivores with different biological and ecological characteristics. The present results showed that the evolution of insecticide resistance in parasitoids could be affected either directly by exposing to the spray in the field, or indirectly by the factors including the insecticides penetrated into the body of host insects, plant allelochemicals fed by host insects, and climatic factors.

Key words: Parasitoid wasp, insecticide resistance, evolution, selective pressure