Abstract:  【Aim】 To illustrate the influences of photoperiod and genetic factor on wing form of rice planthoppers, the differentiation of wing forms in three rice planthopper species, i.e., the brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens, the white-backed planthopper (WBPH), Sogatella furcifera and the small brown planthopper (SBPH), Laodelphax striatellus, under different photoperiods was studied. 【Methods】 The survival rate, macropterous rate and brachypterous rate in females and males of rice planthoppers under different photophases (4-20 h) were measured using the pure or near pure macropterous and brachypterous lineages of BPH, WBPH and SBPH whose wing form had been selected for 4 to 45 generations under the same conditions in the laboratory. 【Results】 The wing forms of the pure macropterous or brachypterous lineages of SBPH and WBPH were not significantly different among different photoperiods (P>0.05). The brachypterous rates in females and in the population of the near pure brachypterous lineage of BPH were not significantly different among different photoperiods (P>0.05), but the brachypterous rate in males was significantly higher at 4 h and 14 h photophases than that at the 20 h photophase. However, when the BPH became a pure brachypterous lineage, the wing form was not significantly different among 6-16 h photophases. The near pure macropterous lineage of BPH still produced brachypterous offspring, but the brachypterous rates in females or males were not significantly different among different photophases (P>0.05), except that the brachypterous rate in population was higher at 12 h photophase than at 16 h photophase (P<0.05). The brachypterous rate of females in the hybrid lineage of macroptery and brachyptery (M♂×B♀) of BPH increased significantly with the increase of photophase. The brachypterous rate of males in hybrid lineage M♂×B♀ of SBPH increased significantly with the decrease of photophase, but when the hybrid lineage was selected for 45 generations, the increasing trend became insignificant. The survival rates of nymphs in pure or near pure macropterous and brachypterous lineages of the three rice planthopper species were relatively lower than that in the hybrid offspring, but not significantly different among 6-16 h photophases. 【Conclusion】 The response of wing form of rice planthoppers to photoperiod was strongly dependent on their genetic backgrounds, and the differentiation of wing forms in pure macropterous and brachypterous lineages is less subject to photoperiod.

Key words: Nilaparvata lugens; Sogatella furcifera; Laodelphax striatellus, wing form, genetic background, photoperiod