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  • Monthly, Founded in 1950
    Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
    The Entomological Society of China
    Domestic postal code: 2-153
    Foreign issuance code: Q61
    ISSN 0454-6296
    CN 11-1832/Q
Table of Content
20 November 2025, Volume 68 Issue 11
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  • RESEARCH PAPERS
    Lethal effects of controlled atmosphere treatments with different concentrations of CO2 on Blattella germanica (Dictyoptera: Blattellidae), and the effects on the trehalose content, and activities of protective and detoxification enzymes
    ZHANG Ke, LAN Xiao-Ying, WANG Zong-Qing
    2025, 68(11):  1465-1474.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.001
    Abstract ( 383 )   PDF (1762KB) ( 98 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to investigate the lethal effects of controlled atmosphere treatments with different concentrations of CO2 on Blattella germanica, and the physiological responses of B. germanica to these controlled atmosphere treatments, and explore the influence of temperature on the insecticidal effect of the controlled atmosphere, so as to establish a theoretical reference for the economical and effective control of B. germanica. 【Methods】 The mortality rates of B. germanica at different developmental stages (1st-2nd instar nymphs, 3rd-4th instar nymphs, 5th-6th instar nymphs, and newly emerged female and male adults within 24 h) after exposure to controlled atmosphere with 40% or 50% CO2 for 2 h, and male adults after exposure to controlled atmosphere with 30%-100% CO2 for 1-5 h, and with 40% and 50% CO2 for 2 h at 22, 26, 30 and 34 ℃ were recorded. Additionally, the trehalose content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in male adults of B. germanica after exposure to controlled atmosphere with different concentrations of CO2 for 3 h and with 40% CO2 for different time were measured.【Results】 Under the controlled atmosphere with 40% or 50% CO2, the mortality rates of B. germanica at different developmental stages at 2 h after treatment were ranked as follows: female adults≈1st-2nd instar nymphs>3rd-4th instar nymphs>5th-6th instar nymphs≈male adults. At the room temperature (26 ℃), controlled atmosphere treatments with 60% CO2 resulted in a 100% mortality rate of B. germanica after 4-h treatment. Following exposure to the controlled atmosphere with varying concentrations of CO2, the trehalose content in male adults of B. germanica initially decreased with the CO2 concentration increasing, reaching the minimum (0.72 mg/g) at 80% CO2 before rising again. As the CO2 concentration in controlled atmosphere treatment increased and the treatment time extended, the activities of SOD and CAT in male adults of B. germanica initially rose and then declined, with the SOD activity significantly lower than that of the control group (the air treatment group). The activities of SOD, CAT and GST increased when male adults were exposed to the controlled atmosphere with the CO2 concentrations below 40%, while decreased when male adults were exposed to the controlled atmosphere with the CO2 concentrations above this threshold. The mortality rates of male adults of B. germanica at 2 h after exposure to controlled atmosphere with 40% CO2 under 22, 26, 30 and 34 ℃ were continuously increased. 【Conclusion】Controlled atmosphere treatment with CO2 exceeding 30% has a lethal effect on B. germanica, and the mortality rate of B. germanica is positively correlated with treatment time and temperature. Elevated CO2 concentration or prolonged treatment time decrease the activities of protective and detoxification enzymes, thereby impacting the detoxification ability and metabolism of B. germanica. Exposure to CO2 at the concentrations above 60% at room temperature for more than 4 h can cause a 100% mortality rate of B. germanica, providing effective treatment conditions for controlling B. germanica.
    Co-expression network analysis of phase change-related genes in Oedaleus asiaticus (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae) in response to high density rearing
    KOU Gui-Xiang, DONG Rui-Wen, ZHAO Jie, CAIRANG Xiang-Mao, ZHOU Yuan-Tao, GAO Shu-Jing
    2025, 68(11):  1475-1488. 
    Abstract ( 288 )   PDF (14338KB) ( 44 )   PDF（mobile） (14338KB) ( 7 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to identify the key genes involved in the two-phase change in Oedaleus asiaticus, and to explore the molecular mechanisms of two-phase change.【Methods】The weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) algorithm was used to analyze the GO and KEGG-enriched pathways of the key modules and to mine the core genes in the transcriptome of the 3rd instar nymphs of O. asiaticus coding on the day-1, 3, 5 and 7 of phase change after rearing with high-density treatment (150 individuals/cage).【Results】A total of 20 expression modules were constructed by analyzing 19 326 unigenes of O. asiaticus using WGCNA. Blue module with relatively high expression levels of transcription factors (TFs) was identified as the key module. There were 119 TFs and 25 family genes in the five core modules. Among them, the phase change-related gene modules were Royalblue, Purple, Red, Grey60 and Brown, from which six core genes JHAMT, JHEH, PHA, TAT, IbHPPD and DDC were mined for the phase change in O. asiaticus. The GO and KEGG-enriched pathways of the key modules mainly included metabolic processes, cellular processes and catalytic activities, and ubiquitin-mediated protein hydrolysis pathway, RNA transporter pathway and biosynthesis of GPI-anchored proteins. The phenylalanine and tyrosine metabolism pathways have a well-connected and shared aspartate aminotransferase gene. 【Conclusion】 In this study, the co-expression modules of many key genes were identified by using WGCNA method， and the connectivity between genes could further illustrate the network interactions between genes, laying the foundation for the in-depth discovery of unique phase change-related genes and exploring the mechanism of phase change in O. asiaticus.
    Difference in sensitivity of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) at different egg ages to spirotetramat
    HUO Hao-Yu, ZHOU Gui-Ying, SUN Hao-Yu, SUN Li-Juan, ZHENG Chang-Ying
    2025, 68(11):  1489-1498.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.003
    Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (9055KB) ( 35 )   　　
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    Abstract: 【Aim】 To explore the differences in the eggshell structure among Frankliniella occidentalis eggs at different ages and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the differential sensitivity to spirotetramat through proteomic analysis.【Methods】 The 0-h and 24-h eggs were treated with 20 μL 4.5% sodium hypochlorite, and the difference of eggshell was compared at 90 s after treatment. The 0-h eggs, 24-h eggs and the above treated 24-h eggs were collected and treated with 14.43 mg/L spirotetramat, and the embryonic development was observed and the hatching rate was calculated at 24 h after treatment. A two-sex life table of the 24-h eggs was built to evaluate the effects of eggshell removal on the growth, development and reproduction. Moreover, label-free proteomics was employed to examine the differentially expressed proteins between the eggs of 0 h and 24 h. 【Results】 The eggshell of the 0-h egg was totally cracked and resulted in a loss of structural integrity of its contents, whereas the 24-h egg exhibited the development of a new endocuticle without any adverse effects on the survival rate of each developmental stage and fertility of adult females, at 90 s after sodium hypochlorite treatment. However, the 24-h eggs after removal of the eggshell were more sensitive to spirotetramat than the normal eggs. There were a total of 1 879 differentially expressed proteins between the 0-h and 24-h eggs of E. occidentalis, with 1 605 up-regulated proteins and 274 down-regulated proteins. Among the up-regulated proteins, five proteins were related to endocuticle formation including endocuticle structural glycoprotein SgAbd-8-like, endocuticle structural glycoprotein SgAbd-1-like, flexible cuticle protein 12-like, pupal cuticle protein 20-like, and endocuticle structural glycoprotein SgAbd-2-like in the 24-h eggs. Twelve up-regulated differentially expressed proteins were enriched in drug metabolism pathways. 【Conclusion】 There are differences in the eggshell structure between the 24-h and 0-h eggs, and new endocuticle formed beneath the eggshell of the 24-h eggs, further inhibiting the entry of spirotetramat into the egg and making different sensitivity between the 0-h and 24-h eggs, thereby supporting regular growth and development of F. occidentalis. Proteomic analysis result indicated that five cuticle proteins were significantly upregulated in the 24-h eggs compared with in the 0-h eggs. The up-regulation of these cuticle proteins may play a crucial role in the development of new endocuticle within the eggs. The results of this study provide novel insights into potential targets for the prevention and control of F. occidentalis.
    Gene identification, expression and ligand binding characteristics of chemosensory proteins in Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae)
    ZHANG Li-Min, CHEN Wei, LI Zhen-Xiang, WANG Jun, YANG Jing, WANG Kai, LUO Chen, ZHANG Sun-Fang, ZONG Shi-Xiang, SUN Jiang-Hua, LIU Fang-Hua
    2025, 68(11):  1499-1509.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.004
    Abstract ( 328 )   PDF (3393KB) ( 35 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to identify the chemosensory protein (CSP) genes, analyze their spatiotemporal expression profiles in Monochamus saltuarius, and clarify the ligand binding characteristics of antennae-enriched CSPs with the main volatile compounds of the host Pinus tabulaeformis, so as to provide a basis for developing CSP-based molecular targets for green prevention and control. 【Methods】Based on the transcriptome data of M. saltuarius, the CSP genes and their expression profiling were identified and analyzed by bioinformatics methods. Phylogenetic analysis of CSPs from M. saltuarius and other coleopteran insects based on amino acid sequences was performed using the neighbor-joining method. The expression abundance of CSP genes in the 4th instar larvae fed on different host plants (Pinus koraiensis and P. tabulaeformis) and adults of different sexes of M. saltuarius were analyzed based on the TPM (tags per million) values of CSP genes in the reported transcriptomes of M. saltuarius. The expression levels of CSP genes in different tissues of adults (antenna, head, throax, abdomen, wing and leg) of M. saltuarius were detected by qRT-PCR. The binding characteristics of the recombinant MsalCSP1 with six major volatile compounds (D-limonene, myrcene, 3-carene, α-pinene, β-pinene and camphene) of P. tabulaeformis were assayed by prokaryotic expression and fluorescence competitive binding assay. 【Results】A total of 16 CSP genes (MsalCSP1－16) were identified from the transcriptome data of M. saltuarius. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 12 CSPs were clustered into 10 homologous groups with the CSPs of Monochamus alternatus, indicating the similar evolutionary relationship. Transcriptome analysis showed that six CSP genes were expressed in both the larval and adult stages, and there were differences in the expression levels of the six CSP genes in the 4th instar larvae fed on different host plants and adults of different sexes. qRT-PCR results showed that MsalCSP1 and MsalCSP5 were specifically highly expressed in the adult antennae, MsalCSP13 and MsalCSP15 were highly expressed in the head, MsalCSP11 was highly expressed in the wing, MsalCSP3 and MsalCSP13 were highly expressed in the leg. The fluorescence competitive binding assay result indicated that the recombinant MsalCSP1 had strong binding abilities with six major volatile compounds (D-limonene, myrcene, 3-carene, α-pinene, β-pinene and camphene) of P. tabulaeformis, with the binding constant (Ki) values of 0.87, 0.70, 0.91, 0.85, 1.09 and 0.70 μmol/L, respectively.【Conclusion】A total of 16 CSP genes of M. saltuarius were first identified in this study, and their expression characteristics were also clarified across the 4th instar larvae and various adult tissues. It is speculated that MsalCSP1 highly expressed in the adult antennae plays an important role in locating host plants.
    Responses of the activities of the key enzymes involved in respiratory metabolism in mature larvae of different geographic populations of Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera: Olethreutidae) to temperature
    XING Yi-Chang, ZHU Shi-Yu, LI Hong-Peng, WANG Xiao-Qi, CUI Juan, TIAN Jing, BI Rui, GAO Yu, SHI Shu-Sen
    2025, 68(11):  1510-1520.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.005
    Abstract ( 291 )   PDF (1834KB) ( 32 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To clarify the adaptation of different geographic populations of Leguminivora glycinivorella to the temperature changes by determining the activities of the key enzymes involved in respiratory metabolism in mature larvae of different geographic populations of this insect in response to temperature.【Methods】The activities of the key enzymes involved in respiratory metabolism, including 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde dehydrogenase (GAPDH), 3-phosphoglycerol dehydrogenase (GDH), 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase (HOAD), citrate synthase (CS) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), in mature larvae of four geographic populations of L. glycinivorella from Du′an, Guangxi, Zunyi, Guizhou, Suzhou, Anhui and Changchun, Jilin at the temperatures of 18, 21, 24, 27 and 30 ℃, respectively, by using biochemical methods. The correlations between the ratio of GAPDH activity to HOAD activity and the geographic latitude and altitude were analyzed. 【Results】The activities of five key enzymes involved in respiratory metabolism in mature larvae of L. glycinivorella of different geographic populations were significantly different at different temperatures. Among them, the ratio of GAPDH activity to HOAD activity was significantly correlated with the geographic latitude and altitude where the populations were located, and the ratio of GAPDH activity to HOAD activity in L. glycinivorella mature larvae was positively correlated with the geographic latitude and the geographic latitude superimposed with altitude-converted latitude at 18 ℃, with their regression curves fitted with the quadratic polynomial regression models y=-0.1312+0.0313x-0.0003x2 and y=1.0905-0.0391x+0.0007x2, respectively. The ratio of GAPDH activity to HOAD activity in L. glycinivorella mature larvae was negatively correlated with geographic latitude and altitude-converted latitude superimposed with geographic latitude at 21 ℃, with their regression curves fitted the quadratic polynomial regression models y=-0.1350-0.0568x-0.0010x2 and y=0.8334-0.0002x-0.0002x2, respectively. The ratio of GAPDH activity to HOAD activity in L. glycinivorella mature larvae was also negatively correlated with geographic latitude and geographic latitude superimposed with altitude-converted latitude at 24 ℃, with their regression curves fitted the quadratic polynomial regression models y=0.9268+0.0973x-0.0015x2 and y=1.3423-0.0215x+0.0006x2, respectively.【Conclusion】 Among different geographic populations, there are differences in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolism and the level of glycolysis. L. glycinivorella mature larvae can adapt to the changes in ambient temperature by regulating the intensity of respiratory metabolism, and the utilization of energy substances in their respiratory metabolism and their ability to adapt to ambient temperature are closely related to the geographic latitude and altitude of the environment in which they live.
    Evolution characteristics of antimicrobial peptides in mosquitoes and their expression pattern analysis in the salivary glands
    WU Jin-Yu, CAO Zhi-Meng, ZHANG Shi-Yan, YAN Heng-Yu, FU Wen-Bo, ZHOU Cao, CHAKRABORTY Amrita, CHEN Bin, HE Zheng-Bo, HE Shu-Lin
    2025, 68(11):  1521-1533.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.006
    Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (6548KB) ( 46 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to integrate the evolutionary characteristics of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in mosquitoes and their expression patterns in the salivary glands to reveal the adaptive changes throughout their evolutionary process. 【Methods】 We retrieved the genomes and genes of four kinds of AMPs, including gambicin, attacin, cecropin and defensin, from 10 mosquito species (four species from Culicinae and six species from Anophelinae) in VectorBase to improve the gene bank of AMPs in mosquitoes. Subsequently, we constructed phylogenetic tree of AMPs using the maximum likelihood method. Gene duplication and gene deletion were examined using Notung v2.9.1.5 based on the phylogenetic trees of AMPs. Collinearity of AMP genes was assessed using MCScanx. The selection pressure on each AMP gene was analyzed using HyPhy v.2.5.62. We utilized publicly available transcriptomic data of the salivary glands to systematically analyze the expression patterns of these AMP genes in the salivary glands. 【Results】There were noticeable differences in the types and numbers of AMP genes across mosquito species. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AMP genes clustered by their taxonomic origin (Culicinae and Anophelinae), suggesting conserved amino acid sequences, as corroborated by the selection pressure test. AMP genes in mosquitoes exhibited multiple gene duplications and gene deletions potentially corresponding to shifts in host feeding behaviors. Collinearity analysis result indicated that most AMP genes are located within collinear blocks, suggesting the conservation of AMP genes in mosquitoes. Integrating the expression patterns of AMP genes in the salivary glands with gene evolution and selection pressure, we hypothesized that a branch of cecropin may have undergone functional gain. 【Conclusion】Our study highlights the adaptability of AMP genes in mosquitoes, suggesting their close relationship with host selection and pathogen infection. The evolutionary traits and expression patterns of AMPs in mosquitoes enhance their survival strategies and underscore their role as key factors in disease vectoring ability. These findings provide new insights into the molecular adaptations of mosquito immune systems and their implications for pathogen transmission.
    Role of cytochrome P450 in the adaptation of Pagiophloeus tsushimanus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) to the stress of terpenoids from its host
    LI Shou-Yin, LI Hui, GUO Jin-Yan, HAO De-Jun
    2025, 68(11):  1534-1546.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.007
    Abstract ( 278 )   PDF (5838KB) ( 22 )   　　
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    【Aim】Pagiophloeus tsushimanus is a monophagous forest pest that infests the camphor tree, Cinnamomum camphora. This study aims to elucidate the role of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) family in P. tsushimanus in overcoming the stress of specific terpenoids from C. camphora, and further reveal its outbreak mechanism from the perspective of host adaptation.【Methods】 Based on the previously constructed 2nd- and 3rd-generation full-length transcriptome databases of P. tsushimanus, we identified all gene members of the CYP450 family in P. tsushimanus. Protein modeling and molecular docking simulation analysis were used to analyze the interactions between CYP450 proteins and three terpenoid molecules (D-camphor, linalool and eucalyptol) from C. camphora. Real-time quantitative PCR and insect CYP450 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques were employed to determine the expression levels of 17 candidate CYP450 genes in the hemolymph, head, Malpighian tubules, gut, fat body and integument of the 4th instar larvae upon exposure of the three terpenoids of C. camphora at the LC15 concentration (D-camphor: 41 mg/g; linalool: 20 mg/g; eucalyptol: 15 mg/g) in the diet at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. The newly hatched larvae of P. tsushimanus were treated with a CYP450 enzyme activity inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO), and then the CYP450 enzyme activity, and the changes in the survival rate and body weight were measured upon exposure of the above three terpenoids in the diet at the LC15 concentration. 【Results】 A total of 54 CYP450 genes of P. tsushimanus were identified, belonging to four clans and 19 families, with the most numerous members in the CYP4, CYP6 and CYP9 families (33 genes). The 17 CYP450 genes involved in terpenoid stress responses mainly belonged to the CYP6 family (nine genes). These candidate CYP450 sequences possessed typical substrate recognition sites and conserved catalytic domains, and formed hydrogen bonds with D-camphor, linalool and eucalyptol. These CYP450s in the 4th instar larval tissues were systematically upregulated upon exposure of D-camphor, linalool and eucalyptol at LC15 concentration, respectively. The gut and fat body were the primary storage tissues for CYP450, while the gut and Malpighian tubules were important sites for their catalytic metabolism. Furthermore, inhibition of the CYP450 enzyme activity in the larvae caused by PBO treatment (an average enzyme activity reduction of 52% within 72 h) significantly reduced the tolerance of the newly hatched larvae to host terpenoids (the average larval survival rate decreased by 26% significantly) compared to that in the control group (sterile water). 【Conclusion】 The CYP450 family represents a key factor in the adaptation of this specialist pest to the chemical defense of its host plants. CYP450 genes are promising molecular targets for developing environmentally friendly control strategies against P. tsushimanus.
    Functional analysis of the heat shock protein gene Hsp90AB in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) under deltamethrin stress
    SI Feng-Ling, XING Xiao-Qing, LI Quan-Run, CHEN Bin
    2025, 68(11):  1547-1558.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.008
    Abstract ( 292 )   PDF (1930KB) ( 16 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Heat shock proteins (Hsps) are a kind of anti-stress proteins that are rapidly produced when organisms are under adverse environmental conditions, which can help them survive in adverse environments. This study aims to explore the mechanism of Hsp90AB in the growth and development of Anopheles sinensis under insecticide stress and in the deltamethrin resistance, laying a foundation for further study of the mechanism of Hsp90AB and the prevention and control of An. sinensis. 【Methods】 Based on the transcriptome and genome data of An. sinensis, the full-length cDNA sequence of AsHsp90AB was cloned by using RT-PCR and analyzed by bioinformatics. The expression profiles of AsHsp90AB in both deltamethrin-susceptible strain (WX-LS) and deltamethrin-resistant strain (WX-LR) at different developmental stages (egg, 1st-4th instar larvae, female pupa, male pupa, female adult and male adult), and in different female adult tissues (salivary gland, midgut, Malpighian tubules, fat body, integument and ovary) of An. sinensis were detected by RT-qPCR. The 4th instar larva and 3-day-old female adult of WX-LS of An. sinensis were stressed with the median lethal concentration (LC50)(0.0016 mg/L) of deltamethrin using the larval immersion method (baseline susceptibility assay) and the WHO contact bioassay method (0.05% deltamethrin-coated bottles), respectively, and the expression level of AsHsp90AB was detected by RT-qPCR. After the AsHsp90AB silence by RNAi with microinjection method in WX-LR female pupa, the expression level of AsHsp90AB was detected by RT-qPCR. The median knockdown time (KT50), knockdown rate and survival rate of female adult treated with deltamethrin by 0.05% deltamethrin-coated bottles via the WHO contact bioassay method at 48 after RNAi were observed and calculated. 【Results】 The full-length cDNA sequence 2 678 bp of AsHsp90AB (GenBank accession no.: PP405608) in An. sinensis was cloned, with an open reading frame of 2 154 bp in length encoding 718 amino acids. The predicted theoretical molecular weight and isoelectric point of AsHsp90AB were 81.65 kD and 4.94, respectively. AsHsp90AB has the characteristic motif of the Hsp90 family and contains the MEEVD motif as a cytoplasmic type. Phylogenetic analysis showed that AsHsp90AB of An. sinensis clustered together with the Hsp90s from Anopheles and then with the Hsp90s from Culex, indicating that they were closely related. AsHsp90AB was expressed during the whole developmental stage in both WX-LS and WX-LR, and was highly expressed in adult males and the ovaries of adult females of WX-LS. AsHsp90AB exhibited high expression in the 4th instar larva and the highest expression level in female adult antennae of WX-LR. The expression levels of AsHsp90AB in the 4th instar larva and 3-day-old female adult of WX-LS of An. sinensis after exposure to deltamethrin stress were upregulated by 1.37-fold-2.61-fold and 1.91-fold-2.58-fold, respectively, while that in the knocked down female adult was downregulated by 72.51%. The expression of AsHsp90AB in female pupa of WX-LR of An. sinensis was inhibited by RNAi and its expression level significantly decreased at 24, 48 and 72 h after RNAi by 44.00%, 61.09% and 55.95%, respectively, as compared with that in the dsEGFP control group. The female adult of WX-LR of An. sinensis injected with dsAsHsp90AB began to be knocked down at 10 min after 0.05% deltamethrin-coated bottle treatment, while that in the dsEGFP control group began to be knocked down at 30 min after 0.05% deltamethrin-coated bottle treatment. The knockout rate gradually increased during 1 h of 0.05% deltamethrin-coated bottle treatment, and the knockout rates of the two groups were significantly different. The KT50 value of female adult in the dsEGFP control group was (50.000±1.667) min and that in the dsAsHsp90AB treatment group was (30.000±0.600) min. The survival rate of female adult of WX-LR of An. sinensis after 0.05% deltamethrin-coated bottle treatment and transferred to the recovery bucket for 24 h after recovery was significantly increased by 24.5% as compared with that in the dsEGFP control group. 【Conclusion】 AsHsp90AB was highly expressed in WX-LR of An. sinensis, and the mortality of An. sinensis under the application of deltamethrin was increased when AsHsp90AB was silenced. This study provides a valuable reference for the potential function of AsHsp90AB in the growth and development as well as the deltamethrin resistance of An. sinensis.
    Sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on the growth, development and reproduction of Sclerodermus alternatusi (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae)
    XU Xiao-Meng, WANG Yong-Qi, HUANG Sha-Ling, TANG Qiu-Yang, REN Mei-Lin, ZHU Deng-Hui, ZHOU Cao, ZHANG Bing-Chuan, LI Fei
    2025, 68(11):  1559-1569.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.009
    Abstract ( 329 )   PDF (1961KB) ( 20 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Emamectin benzoate, a novel highly effective semi-synthetic antibiotic insecticide, is widely used for chemical control of Monochamus alternatus. This study aims to explore the sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on the natural enemy insect, Sclerodermus alternatusi. 【Methods】The toxicity of emamectin benzoate to S. alternatusi adults was determined using the topical application method. Two sublethal doses, i.e. LD10(0.813×10－3 μg/individual) and LD30(3.427×10－3 μg/individual) of emamectin benzoate were applied to the female adults of S. alternatusi to observe the changes in the number of eggs laid per female adult of the F0 generation, and the developmental duration, fecundity, survival rate, female and male adult longevity and other parameters of the F1 generation. An age-stage, two-sex life table was constructed, and the Timing-MSChart software was utilized to predict the 60-d population dynamics of the F1 generation after exposure of adults to LD10 and LD30 of emamectin benzoate.【Results】Compared with the blank control, both LD10 and LD30 of emamectin benzoate stress significantly inhibited the number of eggs laid per female of the F0 generation and significantly reduced the survival rate of the F1 generation of S. alternatusi. Exposure of S. alternatusi adults to LD30 of emamectin benzoate significantly prolonged the egg duration of the F1 generation and significantly shortened larval duration of the F1 generation, and significantly prolonged the male adult longevity of the F1 generation. Population parameters of the F1 generation showed that exposure of S. alternatusi adults to LD10 and LD30 of emamectin benzoate significantly decreased the intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), and finite rate of increase (λ) of the F1 generation, and the treatment with LD30 of emamectin benzoate significantly prolonged the mean generation time (T), compared with the blank control. Population dynamic predictions over 60 d revealed significant suppression of offspring populations of S. alternatusi by LD10 and LD30 of emamectin benzoate.【Conclusion】 Sublethal doses of emamectin benzoate markedly inhibited the survival rate and population growth of S. alternatusi offspring. Additionally, high-dose sublethal exposure to emamectin benzoate had no significant impact on the fecundity of female adult offspring, whereas low-dose sublethal exposure to emamectin benzoate significantly reduced the fecundity of female adult offspring. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the scientific application of emamectin benzoate in integrated pest management strategies in agriculture and forestry.
    Nanocarrier-mediated RNAi of the V-ATPase H subunit gene TcV-ATPase-H in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and combined toxic effects of dsTcV-ATPase-H/SPc with matrine on female adults
    WANG Qian-Wen, YANG Ren-Duo, LI An-Qi, BU Chun-Ya
    2025, 68(11):  1570-1579.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.010
    Abstract ( 344 )   PDF (1863KB) ( 19 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To explore the toxic effect of star polycation (SPc)-mediated RNAi targeting the V-ATPase H subunit gene TcV-ATPase-H on female adults of Tetranychus cinnabarinus. 【Methods】TcV-ATPase-H of T. cinnabarinus was cloned by PCR. The expression levels of TcV-ATPase-H in T. cinnabarinus at different developmental stages (egg, larva, nymph and female adult) were detected using RT-qPCR. RNAi of TcV-ATPase-H in female adult of T. cinnabarinus was carried out via the leaf-disc method and nanocarrier-mediated method, respectively, and the corrected mortality rate was measured. Through strawberry pot experiments, the toxic effect of the combined application of dsTcV-ATPase-H/SPc with matrine on female adult of T. cinnabarinus on strawberry leaves was detected, the chlorophyll content in the apical new leaves of strawberries and the above-ground dry weight of strawberry plants were determined. At the same time, the toxicity of the combined application of dsTcV-ATPase-H/SPc with matrine to the non-target organism Neoseiulus californicus was measured by the slide-dipping method.【Results】 The cDNA sequence of TcV-ATPase-H of T. cinnabarinus was cloned. TcV-ATPase-H was expressed in the egg, larva, nymph and female adult of T. cinnabarinus, with the highest expression level in female adult and the lowest expression level in larva. Feeding dsTcV-ATPase-H to T. cinnabarinus by the leaf-disc method could effectively reduce the expression level of TcV-ATPase-H by 59% and caused the corrected mortality rate of female adult T. cinnabarinus to reach 37.99% at 72 h after feeding, which was significantly improved compared with the dsEGFP control group. Nanocarrier-mediated RNAi of TcV-ATPase-H could significantly reduce the expression level of TcV-ATPase-H by 20% and significantly increased the corrected mortality rate by 28.25% compared with non-nanocarrier-mediated RNAi. At the same time,the combined application of nanocarrier-mediated dsTcV-ATPase-H with matrine can significantly reduce the survival number of female adults of T. cinnabarinus and had a remarkable inhibitory effect on the population growth of T. cinnabarinus, but had no significant effect on the chlorophyll content in strawberry leaves, the above-ground dry weight of strawberry plants, or the mortality rate of N. californicus.【Conclusion】Nanocarrier-mediated dsTcV-ATPase-H enhances the inhibition of the expression of TcV-ATPase-H, improves the lethal effect on T. cinnabarinus, which provide a foundation for the development of RNA-based pesticides of dsV-ATPase-H encapsulated in nanomaterials.
    Investigation of the feeding suitability of two Taxodiaceae plants to Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) based on age-stage, two-sex life table and host-shift experiments
    RAO Gong-Yu, ZHANG Xin-Hua, CHEN Yu, ZHANG Yi, GUO Hai-Yao, CHEN Min
    2025, 68(11):  1580-1589.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.011
    Abstract ( 264 )   PDF (8176KB) ( 9 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to ascertain the feeding suitability of Taxodium distichum and Metasequoia glyptostroboides to Hyphantria cunea, by determining the performance of growth, development and population parameters of H. cunea when feeding on T. distichum and Me. glyptostroboides, as well as during host switching at different instars. 【Methods】 H. cunea larvae were reared on leaves of three host plants including Morus alba, T. distichum, Me. glyptostroboides (labeled as Ma, Td and Mg, respectively), and the host shift groups consisted of the 2nd, 4th and 5th instar larvae that were shifted from Mo. alba leaves to T. distichum leaves (labeled as Td2, Td4 and Td5, respectively), and the 4th instar larvae were shifted from Mo. alba leaves to Me. glyptostroboides leaves (labeled as Mg4). The growth and development performance and fecundity of H. cunea in various groups were observed and determined, and then the age-stage, two-sex life table was constructed. 【Results】 H. cunea displayed high adaptability on Mo. alba and T. distichum leaves. The larval duration of H. cunea in the Td group (33.38 d) was significantly longer than that in the Ma group (28.41 d), and the pupal duration and adult longevity of both genders in the Td group were significantly shorter than those in the Ma group. The larval duration of H. cunea in the Td2 group (34.22 d) were longer than that in Td4 and Td5 groups (33.19 and 28.92 d, respectively). The pupal duration and adult longevity of H. cunea of both genders in the three host-shift groups Td2, Td4, and Td5 were significantly longer than those in the Td group. The pupal weight and number of eggs laid per female adult of H. cunea in the Ma group were significantly greater than those in the Td group. The average numbers of eggs laid per female of H. cunea in the different age host-shift groups (Td2, Td4, and Td5) were greater than that in the Td group and less than that in the Ma group. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R0) in the Ma group were significantly higher than those in the Td group. The life table parameters of test insects transferred from Mo. alba leaves to T. distichum leaves in the host-shift groups were between those in the Ma group and the Td group. Early instar larvae of H. cunea on Me. glyptostroboides leaves were unable to complete their life history. The Mg4 group in which the 4th instar larvae were from Mo. alba leaves and then shifted to Me. glyptostroboides leaves had significantly longer larval duration by 6.10 d than the Td4 group in which the 4th instar larvae were shifted to T. distichum leaves (Td group). The Mg4 group had shown the presence of the 8th instar larvae of H. cunea, but the female and male pupal duration in the Mg4 group was the shortest. The female and male pupal weight and the average number of eggs laid per female of H. cunea in the Mg4 group were also significantly smaller than those in the other groups. All the life table and population parameters in the Mg4 group were the lowest. 【Conclusion】 H. cunea showed high adaptability to T. distichum, and the lower the age at host shift, the developmental indexes of H. cunea were closer to those fed on T. distichum. The indoor rearing test showed that Me. glyptostroboides could not be used as a suitable host plant for H. cunea, but the edge dispersal populations may have developed adaptation to Me. glyptostroboides, and have expanded hosts during their spread to southern China.
    Effects of flight of Agrotis ipsilon (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) adults at different ages on their reproduction and longevity
    ZHANG Fang-Mei, CHEN Lei, ZHANG Zhi, LI Xiang-Rui, ZHANG Yun-Hui
    2025, 68(11):  1590-1597. 
    Abstract ( 218 )   PDF (1247KB) ( 21 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to define the flight potential of female and male adults of Agrotis ipsilon at different day-old ages and its effect on their reproduction and longevity, so as to provide basic data for the accurate prediction, and effective prevention and control of A. ipsilon. 【Methods】The flight capacities of the 1-12-day-old adults of A. ipsilon and the impact of tethered flight of adults at different day-old ages on the reproduction and longevity of A. ipsilon adults after 12-h tethered flight were determined in the laboratory using flight mill data collecting system.【Results】Both female and male adults of A. ipsilon at the 3-8-day-old exhibited strong flight capacities, with significant differences in the flight duration, flight speed and flight distance across ages. The 3-day-old female adults achieved the longest flight duration (9.77 h), the 6-day-old female adults had the furthest flight distance (34.35 km) and the 7-day-old female adults had the fastest flight speed (3.75 km/h). However, the 8-day-old male adults displayed the longest flight duration (11.34 h), the furthest flight distance (38.71 km) and the fastest flight speed (3.40 km/h). After tethered flight, the pre-oviposition periods of the 1-6-day-old female adults of A. ipsilon were significantly prolonged, while the number of eggs laid per female declined with the flight age increasing, as compared to those of the untethered flight control. After tethered flight, the oviposition period of female adults of A. ipsilon displayed a dynamic pattern, initially decreased, then increased, and subsequently decreased again. The 3-day-old adults of A. ipsilon after tethered flight had the longest oviposition period, which showed no significant difference from that of the untethered control, while the oviposition periods after tethered flight of adults at the other day-old ages were significantly shorter than that in the untethered control. Compared to the untethered control, tethered flight of adults at the 1-day-old had no significant effect on the female adult longevity of A. ipsilon, but tethered flight of adults at the 2-6-day-old significantly shortened the female adult longevity, and tethered flight of adults at the 1-6-day-old significantly shortened the male adult longevity. The period of first oviposition (PFO) of A. ipsilon adults was inhibited after tethered flight of adults at the 1-4-day-old, whereas no significant change in the PFO was observed after tethered flight of adults at the 5- and 6-day-old as compared to those in the untethered. 【Conclusion】 Both female and male adults of A. ipsilon possess strong flight capabilities. Flight exerts a certain inhibitory effect on their reproduction and longevity, in other words, the long-distance migration of A. ipsilon comes at the cost of reproduction and longevity, with the impact increasing as the age increases.
    Analysis of the global distribution characteristics of arthropod vectorborne microbial risk factors using public datasets
    PENG XianHui, HAN Na, ZHANG TingTing, QIANG YuJun, LI XiuWen, ZHANG Wen
    2025, 68(11):  1598-1607.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.013
    Abstract ( 271 )   PDF (2206KB) ( 6 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to investigate the potential microbial risk factors, including pathogenic bacteria and related antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), viruses, parasites and fungi carried by arthropod vectors based on public databases, and assess their potential threat to public health, so as to provide a scientific basis for the formulation of disease prevention and control strategies. 【Methods】 A total of 698 gut metagenomic samples, derived from 29 arthropod species across 15 countries worldwide, were retrieved from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database of America. Bacterial community structure was profiled using Metaphlan with the mpa_v30_CHOCOPhlAn_201901 reference database. Pathogenic bacteria were identified by aligning reads against the information of marker genes of disease-related microorganisms (DRMs) in public database using Bowtie2, applying the filtering criteria of >50% coverage and a minimum of 3 marker genes per species. ARGs were screened by aligning reads against the ResFinder database using Bowtie2 (coverage >90%), followed by abundance quantification. A co-occurrence network was then constructed using Gephi (v0.10.1). Viral identification was performed by aligning reads against the DRMVirus 2.0 database using Bowtie2, with a coverage of >90%. Fungi and parasites were identified by aligning sequencing reads against a custom-built NCBI mitochondrial genome database (from which host and plant sequences were excluded) using Bowtie2, requiring >50% coverage. All statistical analyses and data visualizations were conducted using R packages, including but not limited to ggplot2, MicrobiotaProcess and Psych. 【Results】 The study revealed the presence of diverse potential pathogenic microorganisms and resistance factors in the arthropod vector samples. Regarding eukaryotes, no parasite sequence was detected in any samples. However, fungi were identified in 26 samples (accounting for 3.72%), including five species that were listed as Category Ⅲ pathogenic fungal species in China’s List of Pathogenic Microorganisms Transmissible to Humans: Candida parapsilosis, Candida subhashii, Cladophialophora bantiana, Fusarium spp. and Lichtheimia hongkongensis, accounting for 0.43%, 0.14%, 0.29%, 0.29% and 0.14%, respectively. At the bacterial level, 134 samples (19.20%) contained sequences identified as pathogenic or opportunistic bacteria, covering 69 bacterial genera. Species with higher detection rates included Enterobacter cancerogenus (7.88%), Klebsiella oxytoca (6.16%) and Escherichia albertii (5.30%). Furthermore, ARGs were widespread and diverse, with 3 109 types identified in total. Tetracycline resistance genes exhibited the highest detection rate (53.58%), and ARG profiles varied significantly between different regions. For instance, the detection rate for tetracycline resistance genes in Switzerland samples reached 94.44%, whereas in Chinese samples, the detection rates for tetracycline and aminoglycoside ARGs were 61.34% and 60.50%, respectively. Co-occurrence network analysis indicated strong associations between certain bacterial genera and ARGs. For instance, the genus Raoultella was identified as a potential host for multiple ARGs (such as fosA and blaPLA-6A), and fosA may be transmitted via mobile genetic elements (MGEs). In the viral screening, a total of 20 viruses were detected. Of these, Apis mellifera filamentous virus (AmFV) had the highest detection rate (13.90%) and was prevalent in bee colonies from China and Switzerland, with the detection rates of 19.12% and 11.11%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study underscore the critical potential role of arthropod vectors in the global dissemination of pathogens and ARGs, highlighting the importance of continuous surveillance and effective control measures for public health risk management.
    REVIEW ARTICLES
    Research progress on the formation and dissemination mechanisms of microbial antibiotic resistance genes mediated by arthropods
    YI Ge, YAN Yu-Zhi, JIN Ming-Kang, XU Rong, MO Jian-Chu, ZHU Dong, LI Hong-Jie
    2025, 68(11):  1608-1624.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.11.014
    Abstract ( 310 )   PDF (3489KB) ( 69 )   　　
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     The issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among microorganisms is becoming increasingly severe and has been identified by the World Health Organization as one of the top ten global public health challenges. Arthropods, including vector insects, are widely distributed and can move rapidly between environments. Current research indicates that the exoskeletons and guts of arthropods can carry a large number of microorganisms and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), making them essential reservoirs and vectors for ARGs, and playing a significant role in the transmission of ARGs through the food chain. In this article, we reviewed the current knowledge of microbiome in arthropods as reservoirs of ARGs across different ecosystems, elucidated the pathways through which they acquire, carry and disseminate ARGs, and emphasize the importance of arthropods in the transmission of ARGs within the environmental-arthropod-human system, along with the associated health risks to animals, humans and ecosystems. Finally, the following prospects were proposed: (1) establishing a monitoring network and database of arthropod-associated ARGs; (2) developing a risk assessment and forecasting model for arthropod-associated ARGs by integrating big data and multi-source monitoring data; and (3) strengthening the prevention and control measures of arthropod-mediated transmission of ARGs in the context of globalization based on the “One Health” concept to reduce the threat to public health. This article will contribute to the management of health risks associated with ARGs and the formulation of public health policies.
    CONTENTS
    Contents of Vol. 68 Issue 11
    2025, 68(11):  1625-1625. 
    Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (532KB) ( 0 )   　　
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