【Aim】To explore the effect of Lactobacillus on the transcription level of antimicrobial peptide genes in Bombyx mori. 【Methods】After spraying the suspension (2×10⁸ CFU/mL) of Lactobacillus plantarum FLPL028, L. rhamnosus FLRH956 and L. reuteri FLRE589 to the mulberry leaves (20 μL/cm²) to feed the 1st instar larvae of B. mori, the RNAref transcriptome sequencing of the 5th instar larvae was performed and the mortality rate before cocooning of B. mori after feeding the 5th instar larvae with the mulberry leaves sprayed with the suspension (2×10⁶ CFU/mL, 20 μL/cm²) of Serratia marcescens was calculated. The numbers of viable bacteria of S. marcescens were counted at 4 h after incubation with L. plantarum FLPL028, L. rhamnosus FLRH956 and L. reuteri FLRE589, respectively. The expression levels of immune-related genes including LOC101742127, glv1,glv2, CecA, LOC101739681, CecD, Attacin1, Leb3 and Lzm (antimicrobial peptide genes), LOC692824 (lectin gene), PGRP-S1 and LOC101738493(Toll/Imd signaling pathway-related genes), and Pi3k60, MAPK and Ras2(PI3K and MAPK signaling pathway-related genes) in the 5th instar larvae of B. mori were detected by qPCR. 【Results】After the 1st instar larvae of B. mori were fed with L. plantarum FLPL028, L. rhamnosus FLRH956 and L. reuteri FLRE589, respectively, the transcription levels of most antimicrobial peptide genes, including Moricin, glv4-like and glv2, were significantly decreased in the 5th instar larvae, and that of Moricin decreased the most, as compared with those of the control group. After the 1st instar larvae of B. mori were fed with L. plantarum FLPL028, L. rhamnosus FLRH956 and L. reuteri FLRE589, respectively, the transcription levels of lectin genes such as CTL10, CTL19 and LOC101736606, and Toll/Imd signaling pathway-related genes PGRP-S2, LOC101738325 and LOC101738493 in the 5th instar larvae decreased, and those of PI3K and MAPK signaling pathway-related genes Pi3k60 and MAPK were increased by about 2.4- and 2.1-fold, respectively, as compared with those of the control group. However, the above three species of Lactobacillus had antagonistic effects on S. marcescens, and reduced the mortality rate of B. mori in the model group (only fed with S. marcescens) from 83% to less than 35%, among them L. reuteri FLRE589 had the best antagonistic effect on S. marcescens, causing only 18.1% mortality rate of the 5th instar larvae of B. mori. The basic change trends of the expression levels of LOC101742127, glv1, glv2, CecA, LOC101739681, CecD, Attacin1, Leb3, Lzm, LOC692824, LOC101738493, PGRP-S1, Pi3k60, MAPK and Ras2 were consistent with those of RNAref transcriptome sequencing results. The supernatant of the fermentation of these three species of Lactobacillus could effectively kill S. marcescens and reduce the number of viable bacteria of S. marcescens.【Conclusion】Lactobacilli inhibits the expression of antimicrobial peptide genes and Toll/Imd immune pathway-related genes in B. mori, reduces the innate immune response of B. mori, but is conducive to the harmony between Lactobacilli and B. mori. In addition, Lactobacilli can also improve the acquired immunity of B. mori by activating the PI3K and MAPK signaling pathways. This finding will help to understand the immune system of B. mori more comprehensively and provide a new strategy for the prevention and control of diseases in B. mori industry.

【Aim】 The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of different protease inhibitors on the protease activities in the larval midguts of Janus piri and Dasineura pyri. 【Methods】 The midgut pH values and the activities of four proteases (total protease, high-alkaline trypsin, low-alkaline trypsin and chymotrypsin) in the midguts of the 2nd-5th instar larvae of J. piri and the 1st-4th instar larvae of D. pyri were determined by biochemical techniques. The effects of 10 inhibitors on the protease activities in the larval midguts of the two insect species were further determined at the optimum pH and larval instar. 【Results】 The mean pH values in the larval midguts of J. piri and D. pyri were 8.2 and 7.6, respectively, and the activities of the four midgut proteases were the highest in the 3rd instar larvae of the two insect species. The most effective inhibitor for total protease activity in the midgut of J. piri larvae was 5 mmol/L EDTA, followed by 1 mmol/L TPCK. For high-alkaline trypsin activity in the midgut of J. piri larvae, the most effective inhibitor was 1 mmol/L TPCK, while for low-alkaline trypsin activity, the best inhibitory effect was achieved with 10 mmol/L PMSF. The most effective inhibitor for chymotrypsin activity in the midgut of J. piri larvae was 5 mmol/L EGTA. In the midgut of D. pyri larvae, the most effective inhibitor for total protease activity was 1 mmol/L TPCK, followed by 50 μg/mL STI. For high-alkaline trypsin activity in the midgut of D. pyri larvae, the best inhibitory effect was achieved with 5 mmol/L EDTA, while for low-alkaline trypsin activity, 10 mmol/L EDTA showed the best inhibitory effect. The most effective inhibitor for chymotrypsin activity in the midgut of D. pyri larvae was 50 μg/mL STI. 【Conclusion】 TPCK, STI and EDTA had better inhibitory effects on the total protease activities in the larval midguts of J. piri and D. pyri, EDTA and EGTA had better inhibitory effects on their larval midgut high-alkaline trypsin activities, PMSF, EDTA and TPCK had better inhibitory effects on their larval midgut low-alkaline trypsin activities, and EGTA had a better inhibitory effect on their larval chymotrypsin activities. The results provide some theoretical reference value for the development of new biopesticides related to insect midgut proteases and inhibitors.

 【Aim】This study aims to offer a scientific basis for investigating the regulatory function and mechanism of lncRNA13922 in Apis mellifera by determining its expression profiles in different developmental stages and adult tissues of workers and analyzing its manipulation modes and function. 【Methods】The expression levels of lncRNA13922 in different tissues (antennae, venom gland, brain, midgut, fat body, cuticle and hypopharyngeal gland) of adult workers of A. mellifera were validated using RT-PCR. The expression levels of lncRNA13922 in different developmental stages (egg, larva, prepupa, pupa and adult) and tissues (antennae, venom gland, brain, midgut, fat body, cuticle and hypopharyngeal gland) of adult workers of A. mellifera were determined using RT-qPCR. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to predict the co-expressed mRNAs of lncRNA13922 of A. mellifera. The nucleotide sequence of lncRNA13922 was aligned to the miRBase database using miRDeep2 software, and miRNA precursors were predicted through miRPara software. Miranda, RNAhybrid, and TargetScan software was respectively utilized to predict miRNAs targeted by lncRNA13922 and mRNAs targeted by miRNAs, the intersection was adopted as the high-confidence target candidate set, and then the competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed based on the targeting relationships. GO and KEGG database functional annotation of target mRNAs was performed by using related software. 【Results】The target fragment with expected size (about 127 bp) of lncRNA13922 was amplified in the antennae, brain, midgut, fat body, hypopharyngeal gland, cuticle and venom gland of adult workers of A. mellifera. lncRNA13922 was differentially expressed in the eggs, 3-day-old larvae, 1- and 2-day-old prepupae and 4-day-old pupae of A. mellifera, and its expression level in the eggs was the highest and significantly higher than those in the 3-day-old larvae and 1- and 2-day-old prepupae. lncRNA13922 was expressed in the 1-, 2-, 6-, 12-, 15- and 17-day-old adults, with differential expression levels, and the expression level of lncRNA13922 in the 2-day-old adult was the highest and significantly higher than those in the 1- and 17-day-old adults. lncRNA13922 was differentially expressed in the above-mentioned seven tissues of adult workers of A. mellifera, and its expression level in the venom gland was the highest and significantly higher than those in the brain, midgut, fat body and hypopharyngeal gland. lncRNA13922 was potentially co-expressed with 29 mRNAs, with their expression levels showing positive correlation relationships, while lncRNA13922 was potentially co-expressed with 12 mRNAs, with their expression levels showing negative correlation relationships. lncRNA13922 was predicted to be the precursors for two miRNAs. lncRNA13922 could target 75 miRNAs, further targeting 1 833 mRNAs. These target mRNAs were involved in 603 GO terms such as cell part and cell, as well as 56 KEGG pathways such as endocytosis and purine metabolism. 【Conclusion】lncRNA13922 is dynamically and differentially expressed in different developmental stages and adult tissues of A. mellifera workers, and potentially participates in the regulation of developmental process through trans-acting, miRNA precursor, and ceRNA network.

【Aim】This study aims to explore the potential regulatory roles of the demethylase AmALKBH genes in Apis mellifera ligustica in the growth and developmental process and mRNA methylation, so as to provide the new theoretical basis and references for the further functional study of AmALKBHs. 【Methods】 Multiple software was used to bioinformatically analyze the five AmALKBH genes (AmALKBH1, AmALKBH4, AmALKBH6, AmALKBH7 and AmALKBH8), homologous sequence alignment was performed and phylogenetic tree of ALKBHs from different species was constructed. qRT-PCR was employed to examine the expression levels of these five AmALKBH genes in different developmental stages (egg, larva and pupa), brains of the 1-, 7- and 18-day-old adult workers, and various tissues (antennae, brain, hypopharyngeal gland, crop, midgut, ileum, rectum, fat body and venom gland) of the 1-day-old adult workers of A. m. ligustica. Additionally, high performance liquid chromatography tandem triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) was used to quantify the levels of mRNA m⁶A methylation in samples throughout the above different developmental stages and brains of the 1-, 7- and 18-day-old adult workers of A. m. ligustica. 【Results】The five AmALKBH genes (AmALKBH1, AmALKBH4, AmALKBH6, AmALKBH7 and AmALKBH8) in A. m. ligustica encode proteins of 311, 297, 229, 228 and 585 amino acids, respectively, with conserved motifs and structural domains, being hydrophilic spherical proteins. These five proteins are different in their physicochemical properties. The five AmALKBHs of A. m. ligustica exhibited 12.92%-46.46% amino acid sequence identities with ALKBHs of Drosophila melanogaster, Homo sapiens, Mus musculus, Arabidopsis thaliana and Escherichia coli, and showed the closest genetic relationships with ALKBHs from A. cerana, Vespa velutina, and  Bombus terrestris.Along with the embryonic development, there was a progressive reduction in the expression levels of AmALKBH4 and AmALKBH7, concomitant with an elevation in the expression level of AmALKBH6. The expression level of AmALKBH8 reached its peak in the middle stage of egg development (36 h post oviposition), and then declined thereafter. The expression of AmALKBH1 was undetectable. During the larval and pupal stages, the expression levels of all the five AmALKBH genes gradually increased with the developmental progress, reaching the peak in the brown-eyed white pupae and brown-eyed light-colored pupae before decreasing slightly in the newly emerged adults. These five AmALKBH genes were highly expressed in the antennae and brain of the 1-day-old adult workers of A. m. ligustica. The expression levels of AmALKBH6, AmALKBH7 and AmALKBH8 in the brains of the 1-day-old adult workers were significantly lower than those in the brains of the 7- and 18-day-old adult workers. An obvious decrease in the level of mRNA m⁶A methylation was observed from the early stage to middle stage of egg development, with a notable increase in the late stage of egg development (60 h post oviposition). The level of mRNA m⁶A methylation exhibited a similar trend as the gene expression level, peaking earlier in the pink-eyed white pupae. While the mRNA m⁶A methylation level was the highest in the brains of the 1-day-old adult workers but reduced in the brains of the 7- and 18-day-old adult workers. 【Conclusion】 This study result demonstrated the high conservation of the ALKBH gene family among species. Differences in the sequence characteristics, protein structure and expression patterns were observed among the five AmALKBH genes in A. m. ligustica, indicating their distinct functional features. The expression levels of AmALKBH genes and the levels of mRNA m⁶A methylation dynamically changed throughout the developmental stages of A. m. ligustica and were found to be correlated, suggesting a potential regulatory role of AmALKBH genes in the growth and development of A. m. ligustica. These findings lay a solid foundation for uncovering the molecular mechanisms, by which AmALKBH genes regulate growth and development, providing a new theoretical basis for further enhancing the value of honeybees in basic research and pollination applications.

【Aim】The transcriptome database of the proboscis of Apis mellifera ligustica workers was established to identify gustatory receptor (GR) gene information through functional annotation and explore the correlation between GR genes and the foraging preferences of A. m. ligustica.【Methods】The proboscis of A. m. ligustica workers collecting pear pollen, collecting rapeseed pollen and without collecting pollen were subjected to transcriptome sequencing using the Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform, followed by screening, GO functional annotation and KEGG metabolic pathway classification of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), screening of GR genes and construction of phylogenetic tree. The qRT-PCR was used to validate the expression of nine DEGs.【Results】A total of 342 DEGs were identified, with 157 up-regulated and 185 down-regulated. The GO functional annotation results indicated that these DEGs were predominantly involved in cellular processes, cellular anatomical entities and binding. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis demonstrated that DEGs were the most significantly enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation pathway, followed by in the tyrosine metabolism pathway. Within the transcriptome of proboscis of A. m. ligustica workers, a total of nine GR genes were identified. Specifically, four of these nine genes were previously identified as GR genes, and the remaining five genes were unknown GR genes identified in this study. All these genes have intact open reading frames and contain seven transmembrane domains typically observed in the insect GR gene family. The phylogenetic tree, constructed based on the amino acid sequences of AmelGRs of A. m. ligustica and GRs of Drosophila melanogaster, indicated that AmelGR4 and AmelGR6 probably belong to the bitter taste receptor family, whereas AmelGR9 may be linked to the sweet taste receptor family. The qRT-PCR verification results confirmed that the expression patterns of eight of the nine selected DEGs in the proboscis of workers collecting pear pollen were in accordance with the RNA-seq results. Moreover, all the nine DEGs in the proboscis of workers collecting rapeseed pollen showed expression patterns consistent with the RNA-seq results.【Conclusion】 In this study, we acquired the transcriptome data from the proboscis of A. m. ligustica workers and screened GR genes. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that AmelGR4 and AmelGR6 likely belong to the bitter taste receptor family, while AmelGR9 may belong to the sweet taste receptor family. It is hypothesized that the foraging preference of A. m. ligustica could be related to GR genes. These research findings enhance our understanding of insect gustatory perception system at the molecular level and provide a foundation for investigating the regulatory mechanism underlying foraging preference behavior of A. m. ligustica during pollination.

【Aim】To further investigate the entomopathogenic nematode(EPN) resources in Gansu Province, northwestern China, and screen native EPNs with high virulence against Spodoptera frugiperda. 【Methods】A survey of EPN resources was conducted in Dingxi City, Baiyin City, Qingyang City, Lanzhou City, Wuwei City and Jiuquan City of Gansu Province by using Galleria mellonella as the bait from July 2023 to April 2024. The morphological indicators of EPN infective juveniles isolated from Gansu Province, including body length, maximum body width, distance from anterior end to excretory pore, distance from anterior end to nerve ring, distance from anterior end to the base of pharynx, tail length and anal body width, were measured and analyzed. Molecular biology methods were also used to amplify, compare and analyze the sequences of ITS gene and D2-D3 region of 28S rDNA gene of each EPN strain for taxonomic identification. The virulence of nine EPN strains (200 IJs/ind.) screened in the preliminary experiment (Steinernema feltiae 0819B, S. feltiae 0931L, S. hebeiense 0847H, S. everestense 0821S, Heterorhabditis megidis 0853BH, H. megidis 0872L, H. beicherriana 0817H, H. beicherriana 0861H and H. beicherriana 0415L) was determined using laboratory bioassay. The sensitivity of different instar larvae (3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae, and mature larvae) of S. frugiperda to a high virulence EPN strain H. megidis 0872L strain and the effects of different infestation dosages (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 IJs/ind.) and ambient temperatures (13, 17, 21, 25, 29 and 33 ℃) on the virulence of H. megidis 0872L strain were also evaluated.【Results】A total of 20 EPN strains were obtained in this survey, including three species of the genus Steinernema, namely S. feltiae, S. hebeiense and S. everestense, of which S. everestense was the first recorded species in China, and two species of the genus Heterorhabditis, i.e., H. megidis and H. beicherriana. The results of the laboratory bioassay showed that H. megidis 0872L strain was the most virulent to the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, causing the corrected mortality rate of the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda of 79.63% after 96-h infestation. Further investigation of single factors affecting virulence revealed that the 5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda were the most susceptible to H. megidis 0872L strain, and the optimal infestation dosage of H. megidis 0872L strain against the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda was 250 IJs/ind. and the optimal infestation temperature was 25 ℃.【Conclusion】There are abundant EPN resources in Gansu Province, they have high virulence against S. frugiperda, and the H. megidis 0872L strain shows promising potential for biological control.

【Aim】To establish a highly efficient “bacteria-biochar-Hermetia illucens interaction” conversion system and explore the effects of combination strategies, such as substrate ratio, density of H. illucens larvae, biochar, and functional microbes, on the system for converting chlortetracycline fermentation residues of H. illucens. 【Methods】H. illucens larvae were reared to the 3rd instar with wheat bran. Then, different mass ratios of chlortetracycline fermentation residues to wheat straw (chlortetracycline fermentation residues∶ wheat straw=0∶1, 1∶2, 1∶4, 1∶8, 1∶12 and 1∶20), larval densities (larval number∶ substrate mass=0.6∶1, 0.8∶1, 1∶1, 2∶1, 4∶1, 6∶1, 8∶1 and 10∶1), biochar addition (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 g/kg), functional bacteria (Providencia stuartii TX2, Klebsiella pneumoniae TX1, and Bacillus velezensis EEAM 10B), and mixed addition groups were set up. The growth and development indices of H. illucens larvae (body weight, body length, and body width), substrate conversion indices (substrate consumption rate and substrate conversion rate), and chlortetracycline removal rate in the substrate were measured. 【Results】In the optimal “bacteria-biochar-H. illucens interaction” conversion system for chlortetracycline fermentation residues, with a chlortetracycline fermentation residue to straw ratio of 1∶4, a larval density of 1∶4, a biochar addition ratio of 120 g/kg, and the presence of P. stuartii TX2, the larval weight, length and width of H. illucens reached 0.17 g/individual, 18.27 mm and 4.83 mm, respectively. Additionally, in the optimal “bacteria-biochar-H. illucens interaction” conversion system, the substrate consumption rate and substrate conversion rate reached 34.04% and 29.50%, respectively, while the chlortetracycline removal rate in the substrate increased to 96.23%. 【Conclusion】Through the optimization of the highly efficient “bacteria-biochar-H. illucens interaction” conversion system for antibiotic fermentation residues, two types of organic solid waste were converted into high-value insect protein, while the chlortetracycline removal rate in the substrate was improved.

 【Aim】This study aims to explore the sublethal effects of chlorpyrifos on Sogatella furcifera, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of insecticides to control S. furcifera.【Methods】The 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera were treated with LC₁₀ (1.5 mg/L) and LC₂₅(2.9 mg/L) of chlorpyrifos using rice stem dipping method. The female adult longevity, adult emergence rate and number of eggs laid per female adult of the F₀ generation were detected. The age-stage, two-sex life table of the F₁ generation was constructed to analyze the changes in the developmental duration, fecundity and survival rates. The relative expression levels of reproduction-related genes (SfRheb, SfTOR, SfS6K, SfHMGR, SfIPPI, SfFPPS1, SfFPPS2, SfJHAMT, SfFAMeT, SfMet, SfKrh1 and SfVg) in the F₀ adult females were determined by RT-qPCR.【Results】The numbers of eggs laid per F₀ female adult of S. furcifera in the treatment groups with LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of chlorpyrifos were significantly reduced, and the adult emergence rate and female adult longevity of the F₀ generation in the treatment group with LC₂₅ of chlorpyrifos were shortened significantly, as compared with those in the control group treated with distilled water. The average numbers of eggs laid per F₁ female adult in the treatment groups with LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of chlorpyrifos were 191.4 and 169.9, respectively， both significantly lower than that in the control group (230.6). Exposure of the 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera to LC₂₅ of chlorpyrifos significantly shortened the female adult duration of the F₁ generation and reduced the survival rate of the F₁ generation of S. furcifera, compared to the control. Furthermore, exposure of the 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera to LC₁₀ and LC₂₅ of chlorpyrifos inhibited the expression of genes (SfFAMeT, SfFPPS1, SfFPPS2 and SfKrh1) related to juvenile hormone (JH) signaling pathways, genes (SfRheb and SfTOR) related to TOR signaling pathways, and SfVg in female adults of the F₀ generation. 【Conclusion】Sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos stress inhibited the growth, development, survival rate and fecundity of S. furcifera, thereby suppressing the population growth of subsequent generations to a certain extent. Furthermore, sublethal concentrations of chlorpyrifos also down-regulated the expression of genes related to the TOR and JH signaling pathways. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the scientific control of S. furcifera in the field and lay a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms by which insecticides regulate insect reproduction.

【Aim】 To clarify the optimum period for Aphis gossypii control in the field, and the effects of sublethal concentrations of flonicamid on the growth, development and reproduction of A. gossypii on Zanthoxylum bungeanum. 【Methods】 The sublethal concentrations of flonicamid against the adults and different instar nymphs of A. gossypii were determined with leaf-dipping method by laboratory toxicity assay, and the effects of sublethal concentrations (LC₁₀ and LC₃₀) of flonicamid on the adult longevity and fecundity of A. gossypii parents (F₀) and their F₁ offspring were measured in 24 h by leaf-dipping method, and the life table parameters such as the net reproductive rate, mean generation time, intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase, and population doubling time of the F₀ and the F₁ generations were calculated. 【Results】 The sublethal concentrations of flonicamid increased with the developmental stage of A. gossypii. The LC₃₀ values of flonicamid against the 1st-4th instar nymphs and adults in 24 h were 22.939, 26.346, 36.050, 36.531 and 36.911 mg/L, respectively. Exposure of A. gossypii adults to both LC₃₀ and LC₁₀ of flonicamid could reduce the female adult longevity and number of eggs laid per female of the F₀ and F₁ generations of A. gossypii. The female adult longevity of the F₀ generation of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid was (6.15±0.45) d, which was significantly shorter than that in the control group treated with clean water ［(8.53±0.39) d］, and the number of eggs laid per female in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid was 9.53±0.44, which was significantly less than that in the control group (25.08±0.61). The female adult longevity of the F₁ generation of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid was (9.06±0.44) d, which was significantly shorter than that in the control group ［(10.85±0.52) d］, and the number of eggs laid per female in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid was 15.76±0.40, which was significantly less than that in the control group (28.06±0.45). The female adult longevity of the F₀ generation of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₁₀ of flonicamid was (7.45±0.37) d, showing no significant difference from that in the control group ［(8.53±0.39) d］, and the number of eggs laid per female in the treatment group with LC₁₀ of flonicamid was 17.56±0.56, which was significantly less than that in the control group (25.08±0.61). In the treatment group with LC₁₀ of flonicamid, the female adult longevity of the F₁ generation of A. gossypii was (10.10±0.51) d, showing no significant change from that in the control group ［(10.85±0.52) d］, and the number of eggs laid per female was 22.40±0.45, which was significantly less than that in the control group (28.06±0.45). The net reproductive rates of the F₀ and F₁ generations of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid were 7.83±0.39 and 15.22±0.43, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (22.57±0.64 and 23.87±1.25, respectively), and the finite rates of increase of the F₀ and F₁ generations of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid were (1.83±0.12) and (1.65±0.06) d^-1, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group ［(1.97±0.29) and (1.69±0.17) d^-1, respectively］, and the net reproductive rates of the F₀ and F₁ generations of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₁₀ of flonicamid were 15.17±0.46 and 18.65±0.55, respectively, which were significantly lower than those in the control group (22.57±0.64 and 23.87±1.25, respectively), and the mean generation time of the F₀ generation of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid was (3.41±0.17) d, which was significantly lower than that in the control group ［(4.61±0.21) d］, and the intrinsic rate of increase of the F₀ generation of A. gossypii in the treatment group with LC₃₀ of flonicamid was (0.60±0.23) d^-1, significantly lower than that in the control group ［(0.68±0.17) d^-1］. 【Conclusion】 Flonicamid showed good control efficacy on the A. gossypii population, especially on A. gossypii at the early developmental stage, and sublethal concentrations of flonicamid inhibited the growth, development and reproduction of the F₀ and F₁ generations of A. gossypii. This study provides a theoretical basis for the rational use of flonicamid in the control of A. gossypii on Z. bungeanum.

【Aim】 Cyfluthrin, a novel pyrethroid insecticide, is extensively used in the control of agricultural and sanitary pests. This study aims to explore the sublethal effects of cyfluthrin on Anopheles sinensis and provide a theoretical foundation for the rational use of cyfluthrin in the control of An. sinensis.【Methods】 The 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis were treated with cyfluthrin for 24 h using the larval immersion method recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ values of cyfluthrin against the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis were determined. The 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis were exposed to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin for 24 h by the larval immersion method. The female and male adult longevity and number of eggs laid per female of the F₀ generation were recorded. The eggs laid by the female adults of the F₀ generation were collected and used as the F₁ generation insects. The hatching rate, duration of each developmental stage, emergence rate, adult pre-oviposition period, total pre-oviposition period, and number of eggs laid per female of the F₁ generation were counted. Life table was constructed to predict the population dynamics of An. sinensis in each treatment. 【Results】The LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ values of cyfluthrin against the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis after 24-h exposure were 1.223×10^-3 and 4.454×10^-3 mg/L, respectively. In comparison to the control (exposure to dechlorinated tap water), exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin significantly reduced the male adult longevity and the number of eggs laid per female of the F₀ generation, and exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin also significantly shortened the female adult longevity of the F₀ generation. f_x7 curves showed that exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin reduced the numbers of oviposition days and eggs laid by female adults of the F₁ generation, and decreased the peak values of l_xm_x, m_x and v_xj in the F₁ generation, compared with the control group. Exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₁₀ of cyfluthrin delayed the peak of m_x in the F₁ generation, while exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin advanced the peak of m_x in the F₁ generation. The s_xj, l_x and e_xj curves showed that exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin had a beneficial effect on the survival rate and life expectancy of the F₁ generation. In the treatment group with LC₁₀ of cyfluthrin, the pupal duration and pre-adult duration of the F₁ females and the egg duration of the males were significantly prolonged, while the longevity and total developmental duration of the F₁ males were significantly shortened, as compared to those in the control group. The stress of cyfluthrin at LC₁₀ and LC₃₀ to the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis significantly increased pre-adult survival rate of the F₁ generation, yet significantly reduced the number of eggs laid per F₁ female. Furthermore, exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₁₀ of cyfluthrin significantly prolonged the mean generation time (T) of the F₁ generation; in contrast, exposure of the 4th instar larvae of An. sinensis to LC₃₀ of cyfluthrin significantly shortened the mean generation time of the F₁ generation. 【Conclusion】The stress of cyfluthrin at the sublethal concentrations (LC₁₀ and LC₃₀) significantly inhibited the reproductive capacity of the F₁ generation of An. sinensis, but increased the survival rate and life expectancy of the F₁ generation, resulting in no significant impact on the F₁ population size. These findings provide a theoretical foundation for the rational use of cyfluthrin in the control of An. sinensis.

【Aim】To ascertain the resistance status of Bradysia odoriphaga to ten insecticides, the potential risk of resistance of B. odoriphaga to cyromazine and the sublethal effects of cyromazine on B. odoriphaga. 【Methods】We determined the toxicity of 10 insecticides of 5 categories (neonicotinoids, pyrethroids, pyrroles, insectgrowthregulatorsandorganophosphates) to the 2nd instar larvae of B. odoriphaga from four regions including Puyang City in Henan Province, Bozhou City in Anhui Province, Tangshan City in Hebei Province, and Jining City in Shandong Province with the stomach-contact combination toxicity method. We observed the effects of sublethal concentrations (LC₁₅ and LC₃₀) of cyromazine on the larval duration, pupation rate, emergence rate and number of eggs laid per female of B. odoriphaga, and assessed the risk of resistance to cyromazine. We calculated the realized heritability (h²) of resistance of B. odoriphaga using Tabashnik’s method for threshold trait analysis and predicted the resistance development rates under different selection pressures based on the data of selection. 【Results】 Monitoring data demonstrated that the field populations of B. odoriphaga were susceptible or exhibited low-level resistance to cyromazine, hexaflumuron, chlorfluazuron and pyriproxyfen, and showed low to moderate levels of resistance to phoxim. All the monitored populations of B. odoriphaga showed low-level resistance to beta-cypermethrin. All field populations of B. odoriphaga were susceptible or developed low to moderate levels of resistance to imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam. It would take 25.2, 20.7, 17.2, 14.4 and 11.4 generations, respectively, to develop 10-fold resistance to cyromazine in B. odoriphaga, under different selection pressures (mortality rates of 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%, respectively) when the realized heritability (h²) of resistance was 0.073. The emergence rates and numbers of eggs laid per female of F₀ and F₁ generations of B. odoriphaga were significantly reduced after exposure of the 2nd instar larvae to LC₁₅ and LC₃₀ of cyromazine. 【Conclusion】B. odoriphaga has low resistance risk to cyromazine. Cyromazine treatment at sublethal concentrations exhibits significant inhibitory effects on the pupation rate, emergence rate, and number of eggs laid per female of B. odoriphaga.

【Aim】This study aims to determine the hatching rates and hatching duration of Coccinella septempunctata, Harmonia axyridis and Propylaea japonica eggs stored under different temperatures for different duration, so as to explore the optimal storage temperature and duration of the three commoditized ladybird eggs.【Methods】After the newly laid eggs of C. septempunctata, H. axyridis and P. japonica were maintained under 6, 8 and 10 ℃ for 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 d, the hatching rates were determined. The newly laid eggs of C. septempunctata, H. axyridis and P. japonica were placed at 15, 20 and 25 ℃, and the egg hatching duration was tested. 【Results】The hatching rates of C. septempunctata eggs stored under 6, 8 and 10 ℃ within 5 d were higher than 80%. The hatching rates of C. septempunctata eggs stored under 6, 8 and 10 ℃ for more than 5 d showed significant difference, and their hatching rate under 10 ℃ was the highest. The hatching rate of C. septempunctata eggs stored under 10 ℃ for 11 d was 56.1%. H.axyridis eggs were more sensitive to low temperatures. When H.axyridis eggs were stored under 10 ℃ for 7 d, the hatching rate was 85.3%, while that of H. axyridis eggs stored under 6 ℃ for 7 d was only 6.1%. When H. axyridis eggs were stored under 10 ℃ within 11 d, the hatching rate was not less than 50%. P. japonica eggs were the most sensitive to low temperatures. The hatching rate of P. japonica eggs was decreased to 34.3% when stored under 10 ℃ for 7 d and decreased to 0 when stored under 6 and 8 ℃ for 3 d. The egg hatching duration of the three ladybird species increased with the decrease of incubation temperature. The egg hatching duration of the three ladybird species was 7-8, 4-5 and 2-3 d, respectively, under 15, 20 and 25 ℃. 【Conclusion】The optimial storage temperature is 10 ℃ for C. septempunctata and H. axyridis eggs, and their hatching rates are higher than 85% when stored under 10 ℃ within 7 d. Cold storage is not applicable for P. japonica eggs. The shelf life of ladybird eggs can be extended by reducing the incubation temperature to 15 ℃.

【Aim】This study aims to elucidate the circadian rhythms of the behavioral activities of Phyllotreta striolata adults and the staying positions at different time under different light intensities， so as to provide a basis for indoor breeding, behavioral research, and the development of innovative control technologies. 【Methods】The circadian rhythms of movement, mating, feeding and resting of P. striolata adults were observed and recorded under the artificial light-dark conditions (light intensity: 5 000 lx; photoperiod: 16L∶8D), the time allocation characteristics and staying positions of their specific behaviors were analyzed, and the differences in their behavior activities under three light intensities (500, 5 000 and 10 000 lx) were compared. 【Results】The most prevalent behavioral activity observed in P. striolata adults during day and night was resting, which peaked from 22:00 to 6:00. Feeding of P. striolata adults was only observed during daylight hours, from 8:00 to 18:00, with a peak at 8:00. Mating of P. striolata adults occurred exclusively at night, from 0:00 to 2:00. From 6:00 to 18:00, P. striolata adults demonstrated a preference for the backside and heart of leaves, as well as the sides of insect rearing cages, with the proportions of frequency staying on these positions significantly higher than those at night. The proportion of frequency of adults remaining in the soil or on the leaf surface at night was significantly higher than that at daytime. Light intensity was shown to significantly influence the behavioral activities of P. striolata adults. Under the light intensity of 500 lx, there was a significant reduction in the proportion of frequency of feeding behavior of P. striolata adults. However, when the light intensity increased to 5 000 lx and above, the proportion of frequency of the resting behavior of P. striolata adults was significantly reduced. Under the light intensity of 5 000 lx, feeding behavior of P. striolata adults was most prevalent, and compared to the light intensity of 10 000 lx, the light intensity of 5 000 lx caused a notable decrease in the proportion of frequency of movement behavior of P. striolata adults. Additionally, under the light intensity of 500 lx, the proportion of frequency of P. striolata adults remaining on the backside and heart of leaves was significantly less than those under the other two light intensities, whereas under the light intensity of 5 000 lx, P. striolata adults tended to prefer staying on the surface of leaves. 【Conclusion】The behaviors of P. striolata adults, including movement, feeding, mating and resting, as well as their staying positions, exhibit distinct circadian rhythms. The frequencies of different behaviors and time points of activity peaks differ, and various behavioral activities and staying positions are subject to the effects of light intensity.

 Tomato is one of the most important horticultural crops, and China is the largest producer of tomato in the world. In recent years, the tomato industry is facing increasingly severe pest threats including the traditional important pests (Bemisi tabaci, Frankliniella occidentalis and Helicoverpa armigera) and the newly emerged invasive pest Tuta absoluta. Elucidating the defensive mechanism of tomato especially wild tomato germplasm resource, which has significantly higher resistance to pests, can provide important genetic resources for breeding process of insect-resistant tomato varieties. Meanwhile, the key insect-resistant metabolites of tomato can also offer valuable insights into the development of new safer and more eco-friendly botanical pesticides. In this article, we summarized the interactions between tomato pests and host plants like tomato across multiple levels of insect resistance mechanisms in plants. Key topics include: (1) the recognition of saliva proteins from piercing-sucking and chewing insects by tomatoes and its impact on anti-insect immunity; (2) the signal transduction networks of insect resistance and the regulatory mechanisms of core defense-related transcription factors in tomato; (3) structural and metabolic bases of insect resistance in plants, such as trichomes, acylsugars, phenolamides, steroidal alkaloids, and volatile compounds, which respond to pest attacks and confer insect resistance through molecular and ecological pathways. Future research should leverage emerging technologies like single-cell transcriptomics and spatial transcriptomics, combined with gene editing and genetic manipulation tools, to further clarify the signaling pathways of insect resistance and the synthesis and regulation of defense compounds in tomato. These efforts will deepen our understanding of plant-insect interactions and lay a theoretical foundation for breeding high-yield, insect-resistant tomato varieties.