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  • Monthly, Founded in 1950
    Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
    The Entomological Society of China
    Domestic postal code: 2-153
    Foreign issuance code: Q61
    ISSN 0454-6296
    CN 11-1832/Q
Table of Content
20 February 2023, Volume 66 Issue 2
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  • RESEARCH PAPERS
    Variation in the contents of juvenile hormone and ecdysone and expression profiling of their metabolism-related genes during the development of Calliptamus italicus (Orthoptera: Catantopidae) eggs
    ZHAO Na, YE Xiao-Fang, CHENG Wen-Yu, SONG Yu, JIANG Si-Han, WANG Han, DING Guo-Chan, JI Rong
    2023, 66(2):  121-129.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.001
    Abstract ( 273 )   PDF (1552KB) ( 450 )   　　
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    【Aim】Juvenile hormone (JH) and ecdysone (Ecd) play important roles in the growth and development of insects. The aim of this study is to clarify the regulatory mechanism of these two hormones and their metabolism-related genes on the development of Calliptamus italicus eggs.【Methods】The changes in contents of JH and Ecd during the development of C. italicus eggs were detected by ELISA assay, and the expression patterns of important genes (JHE, JHEH, DIB and EcR) in the metabolic pathways of JH and Ecd during the development of C. italicus eggs were detected by qRT-PCR.【Results】The JH content in C. italicus eggs was significantly higher at the diapause stage (stages Ⅳ-Ⅵ) than at the early developmental stage (stages Ⅰ-Ⅲ), and decreased significantly at the post-diapause developmental stage (stages Ⅶ-Ⅸ). The Ecd content in C. italicus eggs increased significantly at the early diapause stage (stage Ⅳ), then decreased significantly, and increased again at the post-diapause developmental stage. The expression level of JHE in C. italicus eggs increased firstly and then decreased at the early developmental stage and the post-diapause developmental stage, and was low at the diapause stage. The expression level of JHEH in C. italicus eggs also increased first and then decreased at the early developmental stage, and didn’t change significantly at the diapause stage, but increased significantly at the post-diapause developmental stage. The expression level of DIB in C. italicus eggs was higher at the diapause stage than at the early developmental stage and decreased at the post-diapause developmental stage. The expression level of EcR in C. italicus eggs did not change significantly at the early developmental stage and diapause stage, but increased gradually at the post-diapause developmental stage. 【Conclusion】The development of C. italicus eggs is co-regulated by JH and Ecd. JH is the important hormone to regulate diapause entry, while Ecd is the important hormone for diapause termination of C. italicus eggs. JH catabolic pathway of C. italicus eggs is mainly regulated by JHE before diapause termination and by JHEH after diapause termination. DIB and EcR can affect the development of C. italicus eggs by regulating Ecd content. These results lay a foundation for further revealing the diapause mechanism of C. italicus eggs. 
    Changes in the titer of juvenile hormone and expression levels of its metabolism-related genes in Oedaleus asiaticus (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae) during phase transition
    SUN Yan-Nan, YAN Feng, GAO Shu-Jing, HAN Hai-Bin, GUO Na, GAO Hai-Yan, YANG Xu-Bing
    2023, 66(2):  130-137.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.002
    Abstract ( 148 )   PDF (1468KB) ( 114 )   　　
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    【Aim】The purpose of this study is to clarify the changes in the titer of juvenile hormone (JH) JHⅢ and the expression levels of its metabolism-related genes in different developmental stages and during phase transition of Oedaleus asiaticus, so as to lay a foundation for elucidating the physiological function of JH in regulating the phase transition of O. asiaticus.【Methods】High performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the titer change of juvenile hormone JHⅢ in the haemolymph of O. asiaticus of solitarious and gregarious phases at different developmental stages (the 4th and 5th instar nymphs, and 1-, 4-, 7-, 10-, 13- and 20-day-old adults) and at 1, 3, 5 and 7 d after the 3rd instar nymphs of O. asiaticus were subjected to gregarilization treatment. The expression levels of three kinds of genes related to juvenile hormone metabolism, i.e, juvenile hormone esterase (JHE) gene, juvenile hormone methyltransferase (JHAMT) gene and juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase (JHEH) gene at 1, 3, 5 and 7 d after the 3rd instar nymphs of O. asiaticus were subjected to gregarilization treatment were determined by qRT-PCR. The phase transition rate of O. asiaticus was determined after the 3rd instar nymphs were subjected to JHⅢ liquid immersion and gregarilization treatment.【Results】The JHⅢ titer in the hemolymph of O. asiaticus was very low, with the maximum titers below 50 ng/mL in the 4th and 5th instar nymphs of the two phases and the maximum titers below 100 ng/mL in adults of the two phases. The JHⅢ titer increased with the increase of the adult day-old age, and reached a peak at the 13-day-old, and then decreased slowly with the increase of the day-old age, showing a similar trend in female and male adults of the both two phases. The JHⅢ titers in the haemolymph of various day-old adults of solitarious phase except for the 1-day-old adults were significantly higher than those of gregarious phase of O. asiaticus. The JHⅢ titers in the haemolymph of O. asiaticus at 1-7 d after the 3rd instar nymphs were subjected to gregarilization treatment significantly decreased in vivo as compared to those in the corresponding controls (solitarious phase). The expression levels of JHE, JHAMT and JHEH genes changed significantly during the phase transition and showed a trend of first increase and then decrease. The increase of JHⅢ concentration could effectively inhibit the transition of O. asiaticus from the solitarious phase to the gregarious phase.【Conclusion】The juvenile hormone JHⅢ plays an important role in the phase transition of O. asiaticus. JHE, JHAMT and JHEH genes may play different functions in the process of phase transition of O. asiaticus.
    Molecular characteristics and functional analysis of nuclear receptor gene NlE75 in Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
    LI Kai-Long, WANG Xin, MA Ming-Yong, PENG Zhao-Pu, CHEN Ang, CHEN Wu-Ying, LUO Xiang-Wen, LIU Yong, ZHANG De-Yong
    2023, 66(2):  138-149.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.003
    Abstract ( 185 )   PDF (15487KB) ( 99 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Ecdysone regulates the molting and metamorphosis processes of insects through signaling cascade, and the nuclear receptor gene E75 is an early response gene of the signaling pathway. The objective of this study is to analyze the molecular characteristics and biological function of NlE75 in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, so as to provide new molecular target for the management of N. lugens and development of new pesticides. 【Methods】 The cDNA sequence of NlE75 was obtained based on sequence alignment, homology search and N. lugens transcriptome data, and cloned by RT-PCR and RACE technologies. The structure characteristics of the protein encoded by NlE75 were predicted using bioinformatics software, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed using the neighbor-joining method of MEGA 5.0. The expression profiles of NlE75 and its transcripts in different developmental stages (egg, 1st－5th instar nymphs and adult), different tissues (head, thorax, abdomen, cuticle, wing bud, fat body, midgut and leg) of the 5th instar nymph, and the 3rd instar nymph of N. lugens after injection of 0.2 μg/individual of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) were detected by RT-qPCR. After knockdown of NlCYP314A1 in the 3rd instar nymph by RNAi via dsRNA injection, the expression level of NlE75 in the 3rd instar nymphs was detected by RT-qPCR. After downregulating the expression of NlE75 in the 3rd and 5th instar nymphs and its transcripts in the 3rd instar nymphs by RNAi via dsRNA injection, the expression levels of NlE75 in the 3rd instar nymphs were detected by RT-qPCR, the effects of knockdown of NlE75 on the molting and metamorphosis of the 3rd and 5th instar nymphs of N. lugens were observed, and the regulatory relationships of five transcripts of NlE75 were analyzed. 【Results】 Five NlE75 transcripts NlE75A, NlE75B, NlE75C, NlE75D and NlE75E (GenBank accession numbers are ON086330, ON086331, ON086332, ON086333 and ON086334, respectively) of N. lugens were cloned, and their encoded proteins all have typical nuclear receptor conserved domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that NlE75A-E clustered with the E75 proteins of Pediculus humanus corporis and Blattella germanica. RT-qPCR results showed that five NlE75 transcripts had different developmental and tissue expression characteristics. The expression levels of NlE75A and NlE75D in various developmental stages of N. lugens were low, the expression dynamics of NlE75A, NlE75B and NlE75C were consistent with that of NlE75 and the expression level of NlE75D increased to the highest level before the molting of both the 4th and 5th instar nymphs, while the expression levels of NlE75E in adults were the highest. The five NlE75 transcripts were expressed in various tissues of the 5th instar nymphs, with NlE75B, NlE75C, NlE75D and NlE75E highly expressed in the leg, and NlE75A highly expressed in the fat body. The expression levels of NlE75 in treatment groups significantly increased by 4.7 and 5.0 times, respectively, at 4 and 8 h after 20E induction, as compared to those in the corresponding control groups. The expression level of NlE75 in treatment group was extremely significantly down-regulated by 47.8% at 48 h after RNAi of NlCYP314A1, as compared with that in the control group (injected with dsGFP). RNAi results showed that injection of dsNlE75 into the 3rd instar nymphs resulted in the failure of molting and phenotypic defects, while injection of dsNlE75 into the 5th instar nymphs resulted in the failure of metamorphosis and phenotypic defects, and the 3rd and 5th instar nymphs injected with dsNlE75 could not complete the molting process and eventually died 100%. The phenotypic defects appeared only when all the five transcripts of NlE75 were knocked down, but did not appear when a single transcript was knocked down, suggesting that there is a complex regulatory relationship between the five transcripts. 【Conclusion】 There are five NlE75 transcripts in N. lugens, with different developmental and tissue expression characteristics. RNAi results suggest that five NlE75 transcripts have obvious functional redundancy and NlE75 plays an important role in the molting of N. lugens.
    Physiological and biochemical responses of rice plants to the stress imposed by different densities of the adult brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Hemiptera:Delphacidae) for different time
    ZHAO Wen-Hua, YANG Guang-Mei, LIU Yu-Fang
    2023, 66(2):  150-157.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.004
    Abstract ( 183 )   PDF (1395KB) ( 153 )   　　
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    【Aim】The purpose of this study is to explore the physiological and biochemical responses in rice plants to the stress imposed by different densities of the adult brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens for different time.【Methods】The contents of chlorophyll (Chl) and total protein (TP), and the activities of lipoxygenase (LOX), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in rice plants fed by N. lugens adults at the densities of 2, 4 and 8 individuals/plant for 6, 24, 48 and 96 h were tested by biochemical methods.【Results】At 6 h after being fed by N. lugens adults at the low density (2 individuals/plant), the Chl content in rice plants decreased significantly and the TP content and PPO activity in rice plants increased significantly, while the Chlb and total Chl contents, TP content and activities of LOX and POD in rice plants at 6 h after being fed by N.lugens adults at the high density (8 individuals/plant) increased significantly as compared to those in the control group non-inoculated with N. lugens adults. Compared to the control group, the stress imposed by low density of N. lugens adults resulted in significantly reduced Chl content and PPO activity, and significantly enhanced activities of LOX, T-SOD and POD in rice plants, and that imposed by high density of N. lugens adults caused significantly increased Chl content and PPO activity, and significantly decreased activities of T-SOD and POD in rice plants at 24 h. In rice plants fed by N. lugens adults at the low density and medium density (4 individuals/plant), the Chl content and activities of T-SOD and POD decreased significantly, and the TP content significantly enhanced at 48 h, while in rice plants fed by N. lugens adults at the high density, the Chl content and T-SOD activity significantly reduced and the TP content and POD activity increased significantly at 96 h, as compared to those in the control group. 【Conclusion】The stress imposed by different densities of N. lugens adults for different time induces changes in the contents of Chl and TP, and activities of LOX, PPO, T-SOD and POD. The change intensity and response time are obviously different due to the feeding density of N. lugens adults.
    Gene cloning of salivary protein SmHMp1 of Sitobion miscanthi (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and functional analysis based on the HIGS technology
    WANG Han, SHANG Zhe-Ming, LIU Xiao-Ming, LIU De-Guang
    2023, 66(2):  158-170.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.005
    Abstract ( 196 )   PDF (17504KB) ( 126 )   　　
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    【Aim】The grain aphid, Sitobion miscanthi, is one of the most important pest insects in agricultural production in China. Its saliva contains many effector proteins with various functions, which are involved in aphid-plant interactions during the feeding process. The aim of this study is to clarify the functions of the salivary protein SmHMp1 in the processes of feeding and reproduction of S. miscanthi, and to explore the feasibility of using this gene as a silencing target to control S. miscanthi.【Methods】Based on salivary gland transcriptome data of S. miscanthi, the full-length cDNA sequence of SmHMp1 of S. miscanthi was cloned, and bioinformatically analyzed. The RT-qPCR was used to determine the expression levels of SmHMp1 in different development stages (1st-4th instar nymphs and wingless adult), tissues (salivary gland, head, thorax, abdomen, embryo and whole body) of wingless adults, adults of different wing morphs (winged and wingless adults) and wingless adults of S. miscanthi fed with different diets (artificial diet and wheat seedlings). Subcellular localization of the SmHMp1 protein was analyzed by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression in tobacco. The recombinant virus vector of barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) was constructed and the host-induced gene silencing (HIGS) technology was used to silence SmHMp1 of S. miscanthi, and the silencing effects on the growth and development, reproduction and feeding of S. miscanthi were analyzed by anatomy, life table and electrical penetration graph (EPG) techniques. 【Results】 The full-length cDNA sequence of SmHMp1(GenBank accession no.: OP021692) of S. miscanthi was cloned. SmHMp1 has an open reading frame (ORF) of 426 bp in length, encoding 141 amino acid residues with the predicted molecular weight of 16.2 kD, theoretical isoelectric point of 8.74, and an N-terminal signal peptide with 19 amino acid residues. The phylogenetic analysis showed that SmHMp1 is most closely to the uncharacterized protein LOC100165393 precursor (GenBank accession no.: NP_001155659.1) of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. The RT-qPCR results showed that SmHMp1 of S. miscanthi was expressed at all developmental stages, and had the highest expression level at the 1st instar nymphal stage, showing an initial downward and later upward overall trend with the developmental time. The expression level of SmHMp1 in salivary glands of wingless adult was significantly higher than those in other tissues. There were no significant difference in the expression level of SmHMp1 in adults between both wing forms or between fed with both diets (artificial diet and wheat seedlings). Subcellular localization results showed that SmHMp1 protein is localized in the membrane and nucleus of tobacco cells. The expression level of SmHMp1 in S. miscanthi wingless adults fed with the wheat seedlings inoculated with the recombinant virus BSMV-SmHMp1 decreased extremely significantly to 43.64% of that of the control group (inoculated with the recombinant virus BSMV-GFP). When SmHMp1 was silenced, the number of aphids produced in 8 d and the number of embryos of S. miscanthi wingless adults decreased significantly (54.17% and 46.25% of the control, respectively), and the phloem-feeding time was significantly shortened to 64.95% of the control group.【Conclusion】The salivary protein SmHMp1 may play an important role in the feeding and reproduction processes of S. miscanthi, and has the potential to be used as a HIGS target to control S. miscanthi. This study is conducive to the deep understanding of aphid-host interactions at the molecular level and development of green control measures for S. miscanthi.
    Cloning and spatio-temporal expression profiling of odorant receptor genes in Callosobruchus chinensis (Coleoptera: Bruchidae)
    ZHENG Hai-Xia, ZHANG Min, WEI Guo-Hua, CUI Xiao-Lin, ZHANG Xian-Hong
    2023, 66(2):  171-180.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.006
    Abstract ( 189 )   PDF (2304KB) ( 274 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to clone four antennal odorant receptors (OR) genes and analyze their expression profiles in tissues of different dayold female and male adults of Callosobruchus chinensis, so as to lay the foundation for further investigation of gene function. 【Methods】 The candidate OR genes of C. chinensis were predicted based on the antennal transcriptome data of C. chinensis adults. The full-length cDNA sequences of four OR genes of C. chinensis were cloned by RT-PCR, and subjected to bioinformatic analysis. qPCR was used to detect the expression levels of the four OR genes in female and male adult tissues (antenna, head without antenna, abdomen, leg and wing) and antennae of 1-, 3- and 5-day-old female and male adults of C. chinensis. 【Results】 Based on the predicted gene sequences, the full-length cDNA sequences of four OR genes of C. chinensis were cloned, and named CchiOR8, CchiOR10, CchiOR16 and CchiOR39 with the GenBank accession numbers of MW732665, MN832705, MW732664 and MN832706, respectively, encoding 369, 352, 400 and 367 amino acids, respectively. CchiOR8, CchiOR10 and CchiOR16 are highly related to the homologous proteins of Colaphellus bowringi, while CchiOR39 clusters into a clade with the homologous proteins of Drosophila biarmipes and D. simulans. The qPCR result showed that the four OR genes were expressed in various tissues of female and male adults and highly expressed in antennae of C. chinensis. The expression levels of CchiOR10 and CchiOR39 in antennae of female adults were significantly higher than those in antennae of male adults. The expression level of CchiOR16 in antennae of male adults was significantly higher than that in antennae of female adults. The expression levels of CchiOR8 in antennae showed no significant difference between female and male adults. In addition, the expression levels of the four OR genes in antennae of different day-old adults were different to some degree. The expression levels of CchiOR8, CchiOR16 and CchiOR39 in antennae of male adults increased first and then decreased, all reaching the peak at the 3-day-old. The expression level of CchiOR10 in antennae of male adults was low and had no significant difference in different day-old adults. The expression levels of both CchiOR8 and CchiOR16 in antennae of the 5-day-old female adults reached the highest level, while the expression levels of CchiOR39 and CchiOR10 in antennae of the 1-day-old female adults were significantly higher than those in antennae of the other day-old female adults. 【Conclusion】 Four CchiOR genes of C. chinensis are highly expressed in the adult antennae, and are speculated to play an important role in the olfactory recognition of C. chinensis.
    Expression profiles of nce-miR-10660 and its target genes in Apis mellifera ligustica workers during the infection of Nosema ceranae
    ZHANG Kai-Yao, ZHANG Wen-De, WANG Zi-Xin, HU Ying, QIAN Jia-Jun, WANG Si-Yi, ZHAO Hao-Dong, GU Xiao-Yu, NIU Qing-Sheng, FU Zhong-Min, CHEN Da-Fu, GUO Rui
    2023, 66(2):  181-189.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.007
    Abstract ( 188 )   PDF (5438KB) ( 119 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to provide theoretical and experimental bases for exploring the mechanism underlying Nosema ceranae infection regulated by nce-miR-10660.【Methods】Stem-loop RT-PCR was used to confirm the expression of previously identified nce-miR-10660 in N. ceranae and Sanger sequencing was performed to validate the nce-miR-10660 sequence. Related bioinformatic software was employed to predict and analyze the target genes of nce-miR-10660. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression profiles of nce-miR-10660 and its target genes in the midguts of Apis mellifera ligustica workers during the infection process of N. ceranae. 【Results】Stem-loop RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing results confirmed the expression and true existence, respectively, of nce-miR-10660 in N. ceranae spores. Targeting prediction showed that nce-miR-10660 can target nine genes including RRDRP and RCDP 42, among which two and six target genes can be annotated to four pathways of KEGG database and 23 terms of GO database, respectively. RT-qPCR results indicated that the expression level of nce-miR-10660 in the midgut of A. m. ligustica workers at 2 d post infection by N. ceranae was significantly up-regulated, while those at 4, 6 and 8 d post infection by N. ceranae were significantly down-regulated, the expression levels of the target genes RRDRP in the midguts of A. m. ligustica workers at 4, 6 and 8 d post infection by N. ceranae and RCDP 42 in the midguts of A. m. ligustica workers at 2, 4, 6 and 8 d post infection by N. ceranae were significantly down-regulated, as compared to those in the midguts of A. m. ligustica workers at 1 d post infection by N. ceranae.【Conclusion】nce-miR-10660 truly exists and is expressed in N. ceranae spores. nce-miR-10660 and its target genes RRDRP and RCDP 42 are differentially expressed in A. m. ligustica workers during the infection of N. ceranae. nce-miR-10660 potentially participates in modulation of N. ceranae infection via positive regulation of the expression of RRDRP and RCDP 42.
    Eukaryotic expression of Drosophila CYP6G1 and its metabolism on neonicotinoid insecticides in vitro
    SHAO Chen, SHI Yu, ZHU Yu-Tong, CHENG Jia-Gao, LI Zhong, XU Zhi-Ping
    2023, 66(2):  190-199.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.008
    Abstract ( 157 )   PDF (6815KB) ( 148 )   　　
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    【Aim】CYP6G1 is one of the important P450 enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster, and has a wide substrate spectrum. In addition to mediating DDT resistance in D. melanogaster, CYP6G1 is also implicated in its resistance to neonicotinoid and carbamate insecticides. However, there are still some research gaps between the metabolic function of CYP6G1 and insecticide resistance in D. melanogaster. 【Methods】In this study, the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP6G1 was expressed functionally by the Bac-to-Bac insect baculovirus expression system, and the metabolism of thicloprid and thiamethoxam by the recombinant CYP6G1 in vitro was analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) with imidacloprid as a positive control. 【Results】After 2-h incubation, the recombinant CYP6G1 metabolized 17.6%±7.1% of imidacloprid and 4.2%±2.3% of thiacloprid, respectively, by participating in the hydroxylation reaction. In addition, the recombinant CYP6G1 could promote the conversion of thiamethoxam to clothianidin and reduced the thiamethoxam content by 5.8%±2.1%. 【Conclusion】The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the study on the structure and function of CYP6G1.
    Responses of wing morph and wing development genes to directional selection for the long- and short-winged morphs in Laodelphax striatellus (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
    WANG Ru-Lin, LIU Xiang-Dong
    2023, 66(2):  200-208.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.009
    Abstract ( 169 )   PDF (3401KB) ( 192 )   　　
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    【Aim】The molecular mechanism of the wing morph regulation of rice planthopper is clear, but the change rules of wing morph and expression levels of wing development genes during the continuous selection for the long- and short-winged strains remain obscure. This study aims to explore the responses of wing length, wing weight and wing development genes of the long- and short-winged strains of the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus to the directional selection, so as to clarify the genetic rule and evolution of its wing morph. 【Methods】The long- and short-winged morphs of L. striatellus were successively selected for 14 and 13 generations, respectively, under the constant conditions, and the long and short-winged strains were established. The rates of long- and short-winged individuals, wing length and wing weight of the two strains were measured in each selection generation, and the relative expression levels of the wing development genes InR1, InR2 and FoxO were examined using the qPCR method. The selection responses of the wing morph and wing development genes were characterized by comparing the differences in the wing morph indicators and gene expression levels between the long- and short-winged strains in each selection generation. 【Results】 Through the directional selection of long- and short-winged strains of L. striatellus for 14 and 13 consecutive generations, respectively, the rate of long-winged individuals in the longwinged strain and the rate of shortwinged individuals in the shortwinged strain significantly increased, and both could remain about 95%. With the increase of the selection generations, the wing length of the longwinged strain became longer whereas that of the short-winged strain became shorter, and both the wing weights of the long- and short-winged strains became lighter. The relative expression levels of InR1 and InR2 in the 3rd instar nymphs of the long-winged strain decreased with the increase of selection generations, whereas that of FoxO had no change. However, the relative expression levels of InR1, InR2 and FoxO in the 3rd instar nymphs of the short-winged strain increased with the increase of selection generations. The expression levels of these three genes in adults had no obvious responses to the selection for the long- and short-winged morphs. 【Conclusion】L. striatellus has obvious responses to the directional selection for wing morphs, and the rate of the selected wing morph increases significantly and remains a high level. The wings of the long-winged strain become longer and thinner whereas the wings of the short-winged strain become shorter and lighter after directional selection. The multi-generational directional selection inhibits the expression of two wing development genes InR1 and InR2 of the longwinged strain, while activates the expression of them of the short-winged strain, thereby promoting the formation and maintenance of the pure-bred lineages of long- and short-winged morphs. These results indicate that the L. striatellus population may evolve towards the pure-bred lineages of long-winged and short-winged morphs.
    Effects of cadmium stress on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and parasitism by Trichogramma dendrolimi (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
    WANG Jie, LIU Sha, GAN Tian, DI Ning, WANG Su, LI Yuan-Xi
    2023, 66(2):  209-218.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.010
    Abstract ( 223 )   PDF (1551KB) ( 277 )   　　
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    【Aim】To explore the influence of cadmium stress on the herbivore Spodoptera frugiperda and whether the parasitization capability of Trichogramma is affected by “bottom-up” cascade effect of cadmium. 【Methods】The larvae of S. frugiperda hatched within 24 h were fed with the artificial diets containing different concentrations (0, 0.2 and 51.2 mg/kg) of Cd2+, the growth and fecundity (number of eggs laid per female) of S. frugiperda and Cd2+ content in the eggs of F1 generation of S. frugiperda were investigated, and the parasitization capability and preference of T. dendrolimi adults to the eggs of S. frugiperda stressed by a low concentration (0.2 mg/kg) of Cd2+were also investigated. 【Results】Compared with the control (normal artificial diet), 0.2 and 51.2 mg/kg Cd2+in the artificial diet significantly prolonged the larval duration and significantly reduced the female pupal weight of S. frugiperda. The pupation rate, adult emergence rate, adult longevity and number of eggs laid per female of S. frugiperda in the treatment with high concentration (51.2 mg/kg) of Cd2+ decreased significantly. However, the number of eggs laid per female of S. frugiperda in the treatment with low concentration (0.2 mg/kg) of Cd2+ was slightly higher than that of the control, and the Cd2+ content in eggs of S. frugiperda in the low Cd2+concentration treatment was 1.03 mg/kg. The parasitism rate of T. dendrolimi on S. frugiperda eggs stressed by 0.2 mg/kg Cd2+ within 24 h was 52%, which was significantly higher than that of the control, while no significant differences were found in the adult emergence rate and proportion of females of F1 generation of T. dendrolimi between the treatment and control. When the eggs of S. frugiperda stressed by 0.2 mg/kg Cd2+ and the control eggs were separately and simultaneously exposed to T. dendrolimi females, the parasitism rate of T. dendrolimi adults on cadmium-stressed S. frugiperda eggs was significantly higher than that on the control eggs, while no significant differences were found in the adult emergence rate and proportion of females of F1 generation of T. dendrolimi when the two kinds of host eggs were separately and simultaneously provided. 【Conclusion】The results of this study suggest that cadmium stress affects the growth, development and fecundity of S. frugiperda, and cadmium in the artificial diet can be transferred into eggs via larval feeding, and affects the performance of T. dendrolimi.
    Effects of temperature on the body color of ten species of Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae)
    ZHU Cong-Ying, WANG De-Sen, XIAO Zhuang-Ting, HAN Dong-Liang, HE Yu-Rong
    2023, 66(2):  219-225.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.011
    Abstract ( 195 )   PDF (4547KB) ( 123 )   　　
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    【Aim】This study aims to clarify the effects of temperature on the body color of adults of Trichogramma spp.【Methods】Adults of ten species of Trichogramma wasps, including T. cacoeciae, T. embryophagum, T. pretiosum, T. chilonis, T. evanescens, T. ostriniae, T. dendrolimi, T. minutum, T. turkestanica and T. japonicum were reared at 18 and 30 ℃, respectively. And the RGB color mode was used as the body color judgment standard to compare the body color differences of adults of the 10 species of Trichogramma reared at 18 and 30 ℃.【Results】There were obvious differences in the body color of adults of the 10 species of Trichogramma reared at 18 and 30 ℃. The body colors of adults of 10 species of Trichogramma reared at 18 ℃ were darker than those reared at 30 ℃. Among them, T. cacoeciae adults showed the most obvious change in body color: the thorax was in yellowish brown and the abdomen was in dark brown at 18 ℃; however, the thorax and abdomen were in light yellow at 30 ℃. The adults of the 10 species of Trichogramma reared at 18 and 30 ℃ had obvious changes in the body color in their mesoscutum and scutellum, as well as the 1st-3rd segments of abdomen or the mid-abdomen. The RGB values of the body colors of adults of the 10 species of Trichogramma reared at 18 ℃ were significantly lower than those reared at 30 ℃. For T. chilonis, T. evanescens, T. ostriniae, T. dendrolimi and T. minutum, the RGB values of the body colors of female adults were significantly higher than those of males. 【Conclusion】Temperature can significantly affect the body color of adults of Trichogramma spp. The higher the rearing temperature, the lighter the body color of adults of Trichogramma.
    Effects of cold-storage temperature on the survival and growth and development of Serangium japanicum(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
    CAO Hui-Yi, LUO Xiao-Long, WEI Xue-Yuan, LIANG Jian-Feng, XIE Yong-Hui, WANG Xing-Min
    2023, 66(2):  226-234.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.012
    Abstract ( 308 )   PDF (2614KB) ( 188 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to investigate the biological characteristics of adults and the growth and development of F1 generation of Serangium japonicum at different cold-storage temperatures, so as to determine the optimal cold-storage temperature of S. japonicum adults.【Methods】 S. japonicum adults were stored at different low temperatures (7, 10, 13 and 16 ℃), their survival rates, numbers of eggs laid per female, longevity and daily predation amount against the 4th instar nymphs of Bemisia tabaci, the survival rates and developmental duration of F1 generation of S. japonicum, and the relative expression levels of the heat shock protein genes Hsp70 and Hsp90 in S. japonicum adults were determined at 10 d after storage by qRT-PCR. 【Results】At 10 d after S. japonicum adults were stored at 16 ℃, their survival rate, female and male adult longevity, number of eggs laid per female and daily predation amount, and the survival rate of F1 generation were not significantly different from those of the control stored at 26 ℃ (survival rate: 99% vs 100%; female adult longevity: 110.65 d vs 106.87 d; male adult longevity: 123.12 d vs 108.79 d; number of eggs laid per female: 399.19 grains vs 422.63 grains; daily predation amount: 34.70 individuals vs 31.95 individuals; F1 progeny survival rate: 8039% vs 94.12%); but the developmental duration of F1 generation was significantly shorter than that of the control (17.33 d vs 18.89 d). At 10 d after coldstorage, all S. japonicum adults died when stored at 7 ℃, when stored at 10 ℃, their survival rate and number of eggs laid per female and the survival rate of F1 generation were significantly affected, and when stored at 13 ℃, the number of eggs laid per female was significantly affected. Various cold-storage temperatures induced the up-regulation of the expression levels of both Hsp70 and Hsp90 in S. japonicum adults at 10 d after storage, and the lower the temperature, the higher the relative expression levels. The relative expression levels of Hsp70 and Hsp90 in the treatment group of 10 ℃ were 7.06- and 2.33-fold, respectively, as high as those in the control.【Conclusion】 Combining the above results, the optimum cold-storage temperature for S. japonicum adults is 16 ℃, and the heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 may play a protective role in the response to cold stress in S. japonicum adults.
     Genetic diversity of different geographical populations of the citrus fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) in China
    YUAN Bin-Qiao, ZHAO Xiang-Jie, HOU Hui, ZHANG Jin-Yong, HUANG Tian-Xiang, TU Hong-Tao
    2023, 66(2):  235-244.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.013
    Abstract ( 180 )   PDF (1725KB) ( 216 )   　　
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    【Aim】 In order to speculate the dispersal path of Bactrocera dorsalis to the north and the source of transmission in the northern regions in China. 【Methods】 In this study, the mtDNA COⅠ sequences of 144 samples from 15 geographical populations of B. dorsalis were determined. According to the mtDNA COⅠ sequence, the genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of different geographical populations of B. dorsalis were analyzed by using relevant software.【Results】 Among the mtDNA COⅠ sequences of 144 samples of B. dorsalis, 75 haplotypes were obtained, and the haplotype H_7 was shared by seven geographical populations. There were shared haplotypes between northern geographical populations and populations in the original region, and most of them were population exclusive haplotypes. The 15 geographical populations of B. dorsalis showed high levels of nucleotide diversity (Pi=0.02076) and haplotype diversity (Hd=0.99413), and the genetic differentiation among different geographical populations of B. dorsalis was large. The phylogenetic tree showed that the haplotype distribution pattern of each geographical population of B. dorsalis was mixed, and no obvious phylogeographic structure was formed. The phylogenetic tree was divided into two branches, the geographical populations from Wuhan, Hubei (HUBWH), Beibei, Chongqing (CQBB), Fuzhou, Fujian (FJFZ), Hengyang, Hunan (HUNHY), Nanjing, Jiangsu (JSNJ), Haikou, Hainan (HANHK), Baoding, Hebei (HBBD), Zhengzhou, Henan (HENZZ), and Guangzhou, Guangdong (GDGZ) converged into one branch, the geographical populations from Sanya, Hainan (HANSY), Nanning, Guangxi (GXNN), Lijiang, Yunnan (YNLJ), Shaoyang, Hunan (HUNSY), Tai′an, Shandong (SDTA) and Linyi, Shandong (SDLY) converged into one branch, and new geographical populations in the north were distributed in both branches. The results of the overall mismatch analysis showed a single peak, indicating that B. dorsalis has experienced large-scale population expansion. 【Conclusion】 With Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong as the geographical source, B. dorsalis may spread to the central region, and then spread to the northern region from Hunan, Jiangsu and other places. According to genetic diversity, genetic differentiation and haplotype analysis, it is speculated that Guangxi, Guangdong and Hunan are the more influential geographical sources of the northern geographical populations of B. dorsalis. Haikou of Hainan has frequent fruit trade with the northern regions, resulting in the spread of B. dorsalis to the northern region with transportation.
    REVIEW ARTICLES
    Research progress on sex determination cascade in insects
    LIU Ya-Ting, WANG Wen-Lu, CHEN Zong-Ze, XIE Wen, ZHANG You-Jun
    2023, 66(2):  245-254.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.014
    Abstract ( 315 )   PDF (1482KB) ( 347 )   　　
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     Sex determination is an outstanding question in developmental and evolutionary biology. The sex determination cascade in most of known insects is: primary signaling element→key gene of sex determination→double switch gene→sex differentiation gene. In spite of this pattern, different insects have different sex determination genes and regulatory mechanisms, especially the primary signaling element of sex determination. Since the primary signal of Drosophila melanogaster was discovered, the primary signal of mosquito, bee, wasp (Nasonia vitripennis), silkworm (Bombyx mori) and other model insects has been determined successively. There are many kinds of primary signals, including the dose of sex chromosomes, male-determining factors (M factors), heterozygosity of alleles and maternal imprinting, which make it more difficult to study non-model insects to some extent. Even so, the downstream regulatory mechanism is relatively conserved. In particular, the transformer (tra)+transformer2 (tra2)→doublesex (dsx)/fruitless (fru) pathway is fairly common in most insects. Tra produces alternative splicing by sensing primary signals, and with the help of tra2, tra regulates the splicing of itself and the downstream dsx and fru, and maintains gender development. Acting as the terminal ‘double-switch’, dsx is the most conserved gene in the insect sex determination cascade. dsx is highly conserved in regulating bisexual development, courtship behavior, genitalia and formation of sexual dimorphism. As a switch gene of Drosophila sexual behavior, fru is involved in regulating almost all male sexual behaviors of Drosophila. Its function has been verified in a variety of insects such as Bactrocera dorsalis, Aedes aegypti and B. mori, and it has become a typical gene for understanding the complex sexual behavior of insects. Understanding the sex determination cascade in insects, and clarifying the function and interaction of each sex determination gene are essential to elucidate the mechanism of sex determination. It provides a theoretical basis for revealing the general law of insect sex determination, and promoting the basic research on the upstream regulatory mechanism of insect sex determination, and realizing the genetic manipulation of insect sex determination.
    Projection of insect population dynamics with age-stage, two-sex life table and its application in pest management
    SHI Meng-Zhu, FU Jian-Wei, LI Jian-Yu, CHI Hsin, YOU Min-Sheng
    2023, 66(2):  255-266.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.02.015
    Abstract ( 379 )   PDF (4484KB) ( 213 )   　　
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    Computer simulation of the dynamics of insect populations is very important for the prediction of population growth and pest management. In this article, we introduced the use of computer simulations to predict the population dynamics, fluctuation of predation, parasitism and feeding, timing of pest control, and variability of simulation based on the age-stage, two-sex life table. Using the life table program TWOSEX-MSChart and predation rate program CONSUME-MSChart to analyze the life table data and predation data, the results can then be used in the simulation program TIMING-MSChart to project the stage structure of the population dynamics, and the changes in the predation, parasitism and consumption capacities of population. Based on the population dynamics, computer simulation can be used to predict the damage caused by the pest population, predation capacity of predator and parasitism capacity of parasitoid. These data can then be used to plan the timing and frequencies of pesticide application in chemical control, and to predict the timing and number of natural enemies to be released in biological control. Furthermore, the uncertainty of population growth can be predicted by using the life table constructed based on 2.5, 97.5 and other percentiles generated through bootstrap technology. Computer simulations based on the age-stage, two-sex life table can predict the growth of pest populations and the optimal timing for chemical and biological control to achieve an economical and efficient integrated pest management, thus providing theoretical and technical support for sustainable agriculture.
    CONTENTS
    Contents of Vol. 66 Issue 2
    2023, 66(2):  267-267. 
    Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (496KB) ( 101 )   　　
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