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  • Monthly, Founded in 1950
    Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
    The Entomological Society of China
    Domestic postal code: 2-153
    Foreign issuance code: Q61
    ISSN 0454-6296
    CN 11-1832/Q
Table of Content
20 August 2024, Volume 67 Issue 8
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  • RESEARCH PAPERS
    Analysis of the antennal transcriptome and olfaction-related genes in Megabruchidius dorsalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) adults
    PENG Qi-Yan, PAN Xiu-Kui, ZHANG Su-Fang, WU Cheng-Xu, YANG Mao-Fa
    2024, 67(8):  1039-1049.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.001
    Abstract ( 127 )   PDF (1877KB) ( 120 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to establish the antennal transcriptome database of female and male adults of Megabruchidius dorsalis and explore olfaction-related genes. 【Methods】The high-throughput sequencing platform Illumina HiSeq was used to perform antennal transcriptome sequencing, sequence assembly, functional annotation and differentially expressed gene analysis of female and male adults of M. dorsalis. The expression levels of some highly expressed genes in the antennae of female and male adults of M. dorsalis were assayed and confirmed by qRT-PCR. 【Results】A total of 42 053 unigenes with the N50 length of 2 066 bp were obtained from the antennal transcriptome of female and male adults of M. dorsalis. A total of 18 039 unigenes (43.57%) were annotated against six major public databases NR, Swiss-Prot, Pfam, eggNOG, GO and KEGG, among them the largest number of unigenes (17 687) were annotated into the NR database, and the minimum number of unigenes (9 779) were annotated into the KEGG database. By further functional annotation and identification, 183 candidate olfaction-related genes of M. dorsalis including 25 odorant binding protein (OBP) genes, three chemosensory protein (CSP) genes, 126 odorant receptor (OR) genes (including 125 typical OR genes and one atypical OR gene), eight ionotropic receptor (IR) genes, 18 gustatory receptor (GR) genes and three sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) genes were identified. After comparison of the antennal transcriptome of female and male adults, 357 differentially expressed genes including eight OR genes and one IR gene were screened. Of the 357 differentially expressed genes, 152 genes were highly expressed in the antennae of females and 205 in the antennae of males. In addition, qRT-PCR results showed that six olfaction-related genes (MdorCSP3, MdorIR2, MdorIR6, MdorGR10, MdorSNMP2 and MdorSNMP3) were highly expressed in the female adult antennae of M. dorsalis, while four olfaction-related genes (MdorOBP15, MdorOBP22, MdorORco and MdorGR8) were highly expressed in the male adult antennae.【Conclusion】 In this study, we obtained the antennal transcriptome data of adult M. dorsalis, and identified the candidate genes related to olfaction. The results have laid a molecular foundation for the further study of the gene function and olfactory sensing mechanism of M. dorsalis.-
    Expression profiles and regulatory roles of lncRNAs during the developmental process of the larval gut of Apis mellifera ligustica workers
    ZHAO Hao-Dong, ZANG He, YE Dao-You, CHEN Ying, WANG Ning, WU Ying, JIANG Hai-Bin, FENG Rui-Rong, CHEN Da-Fu, XIONG Cui-Ling , GUO Rui
    2024, 67(8):  1050-1062.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.002
    Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (10345KB) ( 67 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To analyze the differential expression profiles of the long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) during the developmental process of the larval gut of Apis mellifera ligustica workers and reveal the regulatory roles of differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) in the larval gut development. 【Methods】 Based on the previously obtained transcriptome data from the 4-, 5- and 6-day-old larval gut of A. m. ligustica workers (Am4, Am5 and Am6, respectively), DElncRNAs in the Am4 vs Am5 comparison group and Am5 vs Am6 comparison group were screened using the relevant software, and the cis-acting effect of DElncRNAs and the shared up-regulated and down-regulated lncRNAs and the regulatory roles of competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) were further investigated. The reliability of transcriptome data was verified through RT-qPCR. 【Results】 In the Am4 vs Am5 comparison group, 214 up-regulated and 251 down-regulated lncRNAs were screened, while 141 up-regulated and 332 down-regulated ones were screened in the Am5 vs Am6 comparison group. There were seven up-regulated and 16 down-regulated lncRNAs shared in the two comparison groups. DElncRNAs in the Am4 vs Am5 comparison group potentially regulated 250 neighboring genes, enriched in 28 GO terms such as cellular process as well as 58 KEGG pathways such as Wnt signaling pathway. DElncRNAs in the Am5 vs Am6 comparison group putatively regulated 295 neighboring genes enriched in 35 GO terms such as cell part as well as 73 KEGG pathways such as FoxO signaling pathway. The shared seven up-regulated lncRNAs in the above-mentioned two comparison groups potentially modulated 10 neighboring genes enriched in one GO term and seven KEGG pathways including metabolic pathways, glutathione metabolism and nucleocytoplasmic transport. The shared 16 down-regulated lncRNAs potentially modulated 27 neighboring genes, enriched in eight GO terms and 13 KEGG pathways including arginine biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism and metabolic pathways. Additionally, 49 DElncRNAs in the Am4 vs Am5 comparison group could target 16 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and further target 122 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEmRNAs) enriched in 24 GO terms including metabolic process and 21 KEGG pathways including Wnt signaling pathway. In the Am5 vs Am6 comparison group, 38 DElncRNAs could target eight DEmiRNAs and further target 67 DEmRNAs enriched in 21 GO terms including catalytic activity and 10 KEGG pathways including FoxO signaling pathway. The shared down-regulated lncRNA MSTRG.10589.2 in the aforementioned two comparison groups could target ame-miR-6052 and miR-511-y, further targeting 29 DEmRNAs. RT-qPCR results showed that the relative expression levels of the seven randomly selected DElncRNAs were consistent with the sequencing data, confirming the reliability of the transcriptome data. 【Conclusion】 The developmental process of the larval gut of A. m. ligustica workers is accompanied with the dynamic and differential expression of lncRNAs, and DElncRNAs may participate in modulating larval gut development via cis-acting effect and ceRNA network, potentially playing significant regulatory roles in the development of the larval gut.
    Community structure and carbon source metabolic function of the intestinal microbes of adult Picromerus lewisi (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
    LI Jin-Meng, SUN Zhi-Rong, TIAN Xu, WANG Han-Cheng, ZHOU Feng, SHI Cai-Hua, LI Wen-Hong
    2024, 67(8):  1063-1074.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.003
    Abstract ( 93 )   PDF (2566KB) ( 75 )   　　
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    -【Aim】 Intestinal microbes play important roles in metabolism, growth and development, and immunity in host insects. This study aims to explore the community structure of the intestinal microbes of Picromerus lewisi adults and their ability to metabolize carbon sources. 【Methods】The intestinal microbes were isolated and purified from P. lewisi adults by in vitro culture and identified by molecular biology technologies. The bacterial 16S rDNA and fungal ITS genes were sequenced by Illumina high-throughput sequencing technology to analyze the structure and diversity of the intestinal bacterial and fungal communities of P. lewisi adults. PICRUSt and FUNGuild were used to predict the function of bacteria and fungi and their genes. Biolog ECO technique was used to analyze the carbon source metabolic function of the intestinal bacteria and fungi of P. lewisi adults. 【Results】A total of 10 strains of Enterococcus sp. were isolated from the intestinal culturable dominant bacteria of P. lewisi, and the dominant bacterium was E. faecalis. The results of high-throughput sequencing showed that the dominant phyla in the intestine of P. lewisi adults were Proteobacteria (relative abundance: 58.51%) and Firmicutes (relative abundance: 38.92%), and the most dominant fungal phylum was Ascomycota (relative abundance: 56.53%), followed by Basidiomycota (relative abundance: 11.34%). The most dominant bacterial genus in the intestine of P. lewisi adults was Enterococcus (relative abundance: 25.05%), followed by Lactococcus (relative abundance: 12.23%), Serratia (relative abundance: 11.48%) and Providencia (relative abundance: 2.38%), and the most dominant fungal genus was Biappendiculispora (relative abundance: 18.30%), followed by Cladosporium (relative abundance: 11.83%), Vishniacozyma (relative abundance: 517%), and Phallus (relative abundance: 3.62%). The community structure of the intestinal bacteria and fungi of P. lewisi adults showed high species richness and diversity, and strong metabolic ability on carbon sources, being able to efficiently metabolize 27 carbon sources including α.cyclodextrin, L.serine, sutrescine, D.malic acid etc. Functional predictions showed that the intestinal bacterial taxa of P. lewisi adults were mainly distributed in metabolism, environmental information processing, genetic information processing etc., and the fungal taxa were mainly distributed in unassigned taxa, plant saprotroph, undefined saprotroph, endophyte.plant pathogen, fungal parasite.undefined saprotroph, leaf saprotroph, and animal pathogen.endophyte.plant pathogen.wood saprotroph. 【Conclusion】 P. lewisi adults have a high variety and diversity of intestinal bacteria and fungi. The dominant bacterial genera were Enterococcus, Lactococcus, Serratia and Providencia, and the dominant fungal genera were Biappendiculispora, Cladosporium, Vishniacozyma and Phallus, with a strong metabolic ability on carbon sources..
    Cross-resistance of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera：Tephritidae) to beta-cypermethrin, trichlorfon and abamectin
    LI Dou-Dou, YAO Qi, QI Yi-Xiang, LU Yong-Yue
    2024, 67(8):  1075-1085.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.004
    Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (1718KB) ( 77 )   　　
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    【Aim】 At present, chemical control is the main measure in controlling Bactrocera dorsalis, a major pest of fruit trees. This study aims to determine the resistance of the adults of  the beta-cypermethrin-, trichlorfon- and abamectin-resistant strains of B. dorsalis to three insecticides, namely beta-cypermethrin, trichlorfon and abamectin, their cross-resistance to the other two insecticides and the genetic patterns of their resistance, so as to provide the theoretical support for the chemical rotation and resistance management in orchards. 【Methods】 B. dorsalis larvae were collected from the fields and reared in the laboratory for more than 52 generations. The sensitivity of adults to insecticides was measured by the drug film method. The population screening method was used in the resistance selection for each generation up to 52 generations to establish the resistant strains of B. dorsalis. The drug film method was used to determine the cross-resistance of adults of the beta-cypermethrin-, trichlorfon- and abamectin-resistant strains, respectively, to the other two insecticides. Pairwise reciprocal crosses were conducted among adults of the beta-cypermethrin-, betatrichlorfon- and abamectin-resistant strains, and the bioassay against the adults of the F1 generations from the above crossing treatments was conducted to reveal the genetic patterns of the resistance. 【Results】 It was found that the adults of the beta-cypermethrin-, trichlorfon- and abamectin-resistant strains of B. dorsalis all exhibited some degree of cross-resistance to the other two insecticides. Among them, the adults of the beta-cypermethrin-resistant strain had a moderate level of cross-resistance to trichlorfon, with the resistance multiple (Rm) of 15.61, and showed a low-level cross-resistance to abamectin, with the Rm of 6.67. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values of trichlorfon and abamectin to the beta-cypermethrin-resistant strain were 54.58 and 25.30 mg/L, respectively. The adults of the trichlorfon-resistant strain had low levels of cross-resistance to both beta-cypermethrin and abamectin, with the Rms of 9.15 and 6.18, respectively, and the LC50 values of beta-cypermethrin and abamectin to adults of the trichlorfon-resistant strain were 43.12 and 23.35 mg/L, respectively. The adults of the abamectin-resistant strain also had low levels of cross-resistance to beta-cypermethrin and trichlorfon, with the Rms of 8.74 and 3.58, respectively, and the LC50 values of beta-cypermethrin and trichlorfon to adults of the abamectin-resistant strain were 41.18 and 12.52 mg/L, respectively. When reciprocal crosses were performed between the beta-cypermethrin-resistant strain and the trichlorfon-resistant strain, the declining rates of resistance of adults of their F1 generations were 33.52% and 56.42%, respectively, and when reciprocal crosses were performed between the beta.cypermethrin-resistant strain and the abamectin-resistant strain, the declining rates of resistance of adults of their F1 generations were 8.49% and 84.25%, respectively. When reciprocal crosses were performed between the trichlorfon-resistant strain and the cypermethrin.resistant strain, the declining rates of resistance of adults of their F1 generations were 21.41% and 81.47%, respectively. And when reciprocal crosses occurred between the trichlorfon-resistant strain and the abamectin-resistant strain, the declining rates of resistance of adults of their F1 generations were 38.00% and 79.00%, respectively. When quadrature of the abamectin-resistant strain with the beta-cypermethrin- and trichlorfon-resistant strains occurred, the declining rates of resistance in adults of their F1 generations were 3.62% and 12.77%, respectively, showing a little change as compared to that in the parents. When backcrossing occurred between the abamectin-resistant strain and the beta-cypermethrin- and trichlorfon-resistant strains, the declining rates of resistance of adults of their F1 generations were 65.45% and 62.29%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The beta-cypermethrin-resistant strain of B. dorsalis had a moderate level of cross-resistance to trichlorfon, and a low-level cross-resistance to abamectin. The trichlorfonresistant strain exhibited low levels of cross-resistance to both beta-cypermethrin and abamectin. The abamectin-resistant strain also showed low levels of cross-resistance to beta-cype-rmethrin and trichlorfon. The inheritance of the resistance of B. dorsalis to beta-cypermethrin, trichlorfon and abamectin was significantly biased toward the maternal genetic rule. In this study, the resistance levels of the beta-cypermethrin-, trichlorfon- and abamectin-resistant strains of B. dorsalis to beta-cypermethrin, trichlorfon and abamectin, their cross-resistance levels to the other two insecticides and the genetic pattern of resistance had been clarified, providing a theoretical basis for delaying the resistance of B. dorsalis and guiding the use of insecticides in the fields, and having a significant guidance in the resistance management of B. dorsalis.
    Acute toxicity and risk assessment of four insecticides to Vespa magnifica (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
    HU Qing-Mei, MENG Ren-Yuan, LIU Shao-Shu, GAO Jiang-Wei, WANG Hao, CAO Yan-Ru, LIU Zi-Chao
    2024, 67(8):  1086-1095.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.005
    Abstract ( 63 )   PDF (9398KB) ( 54 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To evaluate the toxicity and risks of four commonly used insecticide formulations 25% thiamethoxam water dispersible granule (WG), 4.5% β-cypermethrin microemulsion (ME), 1.8% avermectin emulsifiable concentrate (EC), and 12% benzoate·chlorfenapyr suspension concentrate (SC) to Vespa magnifica. 【Methods】 The acute oral toxicity of the above four insecticide formulations to both worker adults and larvae of V. magnifica, and the acute contact toxicity to its worker adults, were determined by oral-feeding and topical application, respectively. And the risk of the four insecticide formulations to the worker adults and larvae of V. magnifica were evaluated by combining with the hazard quotients calculated from the recommended field application rate. 【Results】 The 48-h oral median lethal dose (LD50) values of the four insecticide formulations 25% thiamethoxam WG, 4.5% β-cypermethrin ME, 1.8% avermectin EC, and 12% benzoate·chlorfenapyr SC against the worker adults of V. magnifica were 2.43×10-2, 4.22, 3.61×10-2 and 5.21×10-2 μg a.i. per wasp, respectively, the 48-h contact LD50 values against the worker adults of V. magnifica were 3.51×10-2, 4.07, 7.86×10-2 and 0.16 μg a.i. per wasp, respectively, and the 48-h oral LD50 values against the worker larvae of V. magnifica were 1.92×10-2, 2.76, 4.54×10-2 and 0.24 μg a.i. per wasp, respectively. The results of risk assessment showed that 25% thiamethoxam WG, 1.8% avermectin EC and 12% benzoate chlorfenapyr SC had high toxicity and high risk, and 4.5% β-cypermethrin ME had medium toxicity and medium risk to the worker adults and larvae of V. magnifica. 【Conclusion】 The four insecticides have high toxicity and high risk or medium toxicity and medium risk to V. magnifica. The risks are unacceptable. It is recommended to carry out further risk assessment of the high-risk formulations and avoid the overlap of pesticide spraying time with the outgoing peak of V. magnifica.
    Attractiveness and attracting efficiency of three plant volatile compounds on Thrips hawaiiensis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Orius strigicollis (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae)
    LIN Tao, GUO Ya-Qing, CHEN Xiao-Yu, YANG Feng-Hua, YANG Guang, WEI Hui
    2024, 67(8):  1096-1105.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.006
    Abstract ( 87 )   PDF (1631KB) ( 80 )   　　
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     【Aim】 To evaluate the attractiveness of three plant volatile compounds linalool, methyl jasmonate and geraniol to Thrips hawaiiensis and Orius strigicollis, so as to provide a basis for utilizing plant volatile compounds to attract O. strigicollis for controlling T. hawaiiensis in the field. 【Methods】 The attraction rates of linalool, methyl jasmonate and geraniol at the concentrations of 980, 10, 0.1 and 0.001 g/L to T. hawaiiensis adults, and the 5th instar nymphs and adults of O. strigicollis were tested, and the time effect of attraction and attraction rates of 980, 10 and 0.1 g/L geraniol to adults of T. hawaiiensis and O. strigicollis were determined using a Y-type olfactometer. The numbers of T. hawaiiensis and O. strigicollis adults attracted by 10 g/L geraniol were further determined in the field greenhouse condition. 【Results】 The attraction rates of methyl jasmonate at various test concentrations to T. hawaiiensis adults and the 5th instar nymphs of O. strigicollis were not significantly different from those of the control group (paraffin oil). Linalool at the concentration of 980 g/L showed significantly enhanced attraction rate to T. hawaiiensis adults but linalool at various test concentrations exhibited no significant change in the attraction rate to the 5th instar nymphs and adults of O. strigicollis compared with the control group. The attraction rate of pure geraniol (980 g/L) to T. hawaiiensis adults significantly increased, and those of high concentrations (10 and 0.1 g/L) of geraniol to O. strigicollis adults significantly increased but those of 10 and 0.1 g/L geraniol to O. strigicollis nymphs did not change significantly as compared with those in the control group. Geraniol at different concentrations had a significant time effect on the number of T. hawaiiensis and O. strigicollis adults attracted, and the number of adults attracted by 980 and 10 g/L geraniol were significantly higher than those attracted by geraniol at the other concentrations at 2 h after treatment. Regardless of whether the pepper seedlings were damaged by T. hawaiiensis adults or not, those treated with 980 and 10 g/L geraniol had significantly higher attraction rates to adults of O. strigicollis compared with the control (clean water). Treatment group spraying 10 g/L geraniol in the field greenhouses had no significant difference in the number of attracted adults of T. hawaiiensi in 5 h but had significantly increased number of attracted adults of O. strigicollis compared with the control group spraying clear water. 【Conclusion】 Three plant volatile compounds linalool, methyl jasmonate and geraniol have different attraction rates to T. hawaiiensis and O. strigicollis. Geraniol at the concentration of 10 g/L can effectively attract adult O. strigicollis within 5 h but can not significantly attract T. hawaiiensis. These results provide the theoretical basis and technical support for using geraniol to attract O. strigicollis for controlling T. hawaiiensis.
    Effects of LED light irradiation in scotophase on the rhythmicity in life activities of Calospilos suspecta (Lepidoptara: Geometridae) at variable temperatures
    CHENG Yu-Meng, GONG Hui-Rong, LUO Yuan-Xia, ZHU Di-Fu, LIANG Jia-Yao, ZHOU Shu-Yu, ZOU Ke-Hao, TU Xiao-Yun
    2024, 67(8):  1106-1114.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.007
    Abstract ( 50 )   PDF (2050KB) ( 45 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To explore the effects of different LED light sources in scotophase at variable temperatures on the rhythmicity in pupation, eclosion, mating, oviposition and egg hatching activities of Calospilos suspecta. 【Methods】 Under laboratory conditions, the pupation, eclosion, mating, oviposition and egg hatching of C. suspecta were observed every hour for 5 d in the control group (under the photoperiod of 14L∶10D) and two treatment groups subjected to 10-h red LED light and 10-h yellow LED light irradiation, respectively, in scotophase (represented by 14L∶10R and 14L∶10Y, respectively). The rates of pupation, eclosion, mating, oviposition and egg hatching were calculated, and the differences in these parameters in photophase or scotophase among experimental groups, and between photophase and scotophase within each group were compared. 【Results】 The pupation of C. suspecta didn’t show obvious circadian pattern under red or yellow LED light irradiation. Pupation in 14L∶10D and 14L∶10Y groups mainly occurred in photophase, and the peak of pupation occurred at 7:00-8:00 and 18:00-19:00, respectively. Pupation in 14L∶10R group mainly occurred in scotophase, and the peak of pupation occurred at 22:00-23:00. However, different LED light treatments in scotophase didn’t significantly affect the pupation rates per hour. The eclosion didn’t show obvious circadian pattern under red or yellow LED light irradiation. Eclosion of female and male adults in 14L∶10D and 14L∶10R groups mainly occurred in photophase, while that in 14L∶10Y group mainly occurred in scotophase. The peak of eclosion in 14L∶10D and 14L∶10R groups occurred on the 1st-2nd hour of photophase. The eclosion rates of female adults per hour in scotophase were significantly affected by LED light treatments. In 14L∶10D group, the eclosion rates of female adults per hour in photophase were significantly higher than those in scotophase. However, two different LED light treatments in scotophase didn’t significantly affect the eclosion rates of male adult per hour. The mating showed obvious circadian pattern. Mating in all groups mainly occurred in scotophase, and the peak of mating occurred at 1-2 h before scotophase (4:00-6:00). In 14L∶10D and 14L∶10Y groups, the mating rates per hour in scotophase were higher than those in photophase. The oviposition also showed obvious circadian pattern. The peak of oviposition in 14L∶10D and 14L∶10R groups and the sub-peak of oviposition in 14L∶10Y group occurred at 20:00-21:00 in the scotophase, while the peak of oviposition in 14L∶10Y group occurred at 16:00-17:00 in photophase. The oviposition rates per hour were not significantly affected by different LED light treatments in scotophase. The egg hatching showed obvious circadian pattern. The peak of egg hatching in various groups occurred on the 1st hour of photophase. Different LED light treatments had no significant effects on the egg hatching rates per hour. 【Conclusion】 Under red and yellow LED light treatments, the pupation and eclosion of C. suspecta didn’t show obvious circadian pattern, while the mating, oviposition and egg hatching of C. suspecta showed obvious circadian pattern. LED light irradiation in scotophase influences some life activities of C. suspecta and these effects vary with LED light colors.
    Analysis of differences in the flight ability of Bombus terrestris (Hymenoptera: Apidae) based on division of labor
    ZHAO Rong-Hua, QU Yan-Yan, WANG Su, SU Xiao-Ling, WANG Yu-Yu, WANG Huan
    2024, 67(8):  1115-1126.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.008
    Abstract ( 64 )   PDF (1785KB) ( 130 )   　　
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    【Aim】Bumblebees, as social insects, have divisions of labor in different castes and even different physiological stages of the same caste. Flight ability is one of the key factors affecting their multiple behaviors including foraging and copulation, at different physiological stages. This study aims to explore the influences of division of labor and body weight on the flight ability of Bombus terrestris, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the efficient production and utilization of B. terrestris.  【Methods】The flight ability of B. terrestris involving flight distance, flight velocity, and flight duration within 24 h, was measured by a flight mill on three castes (queens, workers and drones), and queens at different physiological stages (i.e. virgin queens, post-diapause queens and egg-laying queens), and the correlations between the flight ability and the caste, body weight and post-flight body weight loss were analyzed.【Results】The cumulative flight distance, cumulative flight duration, maximum flight distance and maximum fight duration of drones of B. terrestris were significantly longer than those of workers and queens within 24-h tethered flight. The average flight velocity and maximum flight velocity of drones and queens were significantly higher than those of workers, i.e. the flight ability of workers was the worst under the same conditions. There were significant differences in the flight ability of queens at different physiological stages. The cumulative flight distance, cumulative flight duration, maximum flight distance, maximum fight duration, average flight velocity and maximum flight velocity of the virgin queens were significantly higher than those of the post-diapause and egg-laying queens. There was no significant difference in the flight distance and flight velocity between the latter two queens. The cumulative flight distance and duration of queens and workers were significantly positively correlated with the body weight, but there was no significant correlation between their average flight velocity and body weight. In addition, no significant correlation was observed between the flight ability of drones and their body weight, but the cumulative flight distance and duration of drones were significantly positively correlated with the postflight body weight loss. The cumulative flight distance and duration of virgin queens were positively correlated with the body weight, while the cumulative flight distance and duration of post-diapause and egg-laying queens were positively correlated with their post-flight body weight loss.【Conclusion】The difference in the flight ability of B. terrestris is closely related to the changes in staged functions, and the flight abilities of B. terrestris at different castes and physiological stages are somewhat correlated with their body weight and post-flight body weight loss, respectively. These results may provide the theoretical basis for optimizing the breeding of B. terrestris in production applications.
    An automatic foreground-background segmentation algorithm for camouflaged insect images-ZDNet
    FAN Ju-Chen, LI Xiao-Lin, REN Hao-Jie, WANG Rong, ZHANG Fei-Ping, HUANG Shi-Guo
    2024, 67(8):  1127-1136.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.009
    Abstract ( 59 )   PDF (14236KB) ( 44 )   　　
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    【Aim】Insects often resemble their backgrounds in terms of color, texture, or shape, making them camouflaged and difficult to be identified. This study aims to explore a deep learning-based automatic segmentation method for the foreground and background of camouflaged insects. 【Methods】The salient object detection algorithms, large-scale model-based image segmentation algorithms, and camouflaged object detection algorithms were applied to a dataset of camouflaged insects, which includes 1 900 images across 10 insect classes. To address the shortcomings of existing camouflaged object detection algorithms, an improved network model based on deep-gradient network (DGNet), named zoom-deep gradient network (ZDNet), was proposed. In constructing this model, techniques such as image feature enhancement, staggered image pyramids, gradient induction, and leapfrogging feature fusion were extensively utilized. The insect image dataset, including species from 10 orders like grasshoppers and spiders, was built using public camouflaged object detection datasets COD10K and CAMO. Combined with transfer learning for network training, the trained model was then used for the segmention of camouflaged insects. 【Results】 When the existing camouflaged object detection models were employed for foreground-background segmentation of camouflaged insects, their segmentation performance was markedly superior to those of salient object detection models and large-scale model-based segmentation models. Similarly, ZDNet also exhibited clear superiority in performance over existing camouflaged object detection algorithms, and achieved the S-measure, maximum F-measure, average F-measure, maximum E-measure and average E-measure scores, and the mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.890, 0.865, 0.824, 0.966, 0.951 and 0.020, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The research results demonstrate that the ZDNet network model can achieve excellent foregroundbackground segmentation results for camouflaged insects, contributing to the improvement of insect recognition performance. Furthermore, it extends the application scope of camouflaged object detection methods.
    Sequencing of mitochondrial genomes in four coreid species (Hemiptera: Coreidae) and mitogenome-based phylogenetic analysis of Coreidae
    LIN Xing-Yu, SONG Nan, YIN Xin-Ming, ZHU Yong-Qiang, XI Yu-Qiang
    2024, 67(8):  1137-1146.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.010
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (2702KB) ( 35 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To elucidate the phylogeny of subfamilies within the family Coreidae by analyzing the mitochondrial genome sequence data. 【Methods】 High-throughput sequencing was used to conduct low-coverage whole-genome sequencing of four coreid species (Homoeocerus striicornis, H. dilatatus, Cletus schmidti and Molipteryx fuliginosa). The complete mitochondrial genome sequences were reconstructed from the obtained whole-genome sequencing data. Combining with the published mitochondrial genome sequences of 32 species from three subfamilies of Coreidae (as ingroups) and three mitochondrial genome sequences from the family Alydidae (as outgroups), the phylogeny of subfamilies within Coreidae was reconstructed using both the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. 【Results】 The lengths of the mitochondrial genomes of H. striicornis, H. dilatatus, C. schmidti and M. fuliginosa (GenBank accession numbers: OR702557-OR702560) were 15 706, 15 913, 17 685 and 16 959 bp, respectively. The gene arrangements of the newly obtained mitochondrial genomes of the four coreid species were consistent with that of the typical insect mitochondrial genome, showing no gene rearrangement or other special genomic structural characteristics. Furthermore, the complete mitochondrial genome sequences, and the protein-coding gene, rRNA gene and tRNA gene sequences of the mitochondrial genomes of the four coreid species exhibited high A+T content (≥70%). The phylogenetic trees of Coreidae reconstructed using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods had a largely identical tree topology, supporting Coreinae as a monophyletic and a sister-group relationship between Coreinae and Hydarinae. 【Conclusion】 This study reconstructed the phylogeny of subfamilies within Coreidae using mitochondrial genome data. The results support the monophyletic group of the subfamily Coreinae and the sister relationship between Coreinae and Hydarinae. This study provides mitochondrial phylogenomic data for further exploration of the systematic evolution of Coreidae in a phylogenetic framework.
    REVIEW ARTICLES
    Group-reared life table: Rationales of data analysis and methods of converting to individually-reared life table
    MA Min, REN Fang-Xu, WANG Yi, KONG Wei-Na, WEI Ming-Feng, CHI Hsin, Mehmet Salih ÖZGÖKÇE, MA Rui-Yan
    2024, 67(8):  1147-1162.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.011
    Abstract ( 81 )   PDF (2421KB) ( 66 )   　　
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     In this article, the rationales of data analysis of group-reared life table and the methods of converting them into individually-reared life table were described. The daily record of group-reared life table is actually the matrix N of the age-stage, two-sex life table, while the record of daily total fecundity of all females is the matrix Ftotal. Based on the matrices of N and Ftotal, the age-stage survival rate matrix S, the fecundity matrix F and the population parameters can be calculated. Using Myzus persicae and Phthorimaea operculella as examples, we clarified the theoretical basis of group-reared life table, proved the parameters obtained from the group-reared life table to be reliable, and introduced a method to convert group-reared life table into individually-reared life table. We also compared the features of group-reared life table and individually-reared life table. The application of group rearing to study insect life tables can not only save a lot of labor, time and cost, but also can be used to design mass-rearing system for the production of natural enemies for biological control, insects as foods for birds and fishes, and edible insects for human.
    Research progress of fossil Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta)
    ZHUANG Jia-Liang, REN Dong, WANG Mei
    2024, 67(8):  1163-1172.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.08.012
    Abstract ( 66 )   PDF (8044KB) ( 56 )   　　
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     Pamphiliidae, the most prominent family of Pamphilioidea, have a rich variety of living species. Some species of this family are important forest pests, and have historically broken out and done harm to forest trees in Europe and the north of China. A total of 7 genera with 14 species have been reported worldwide in Pamphiliidae. All of them are distributed in the Northern Hemisphere and recorded from the Middle Jurassic to the Miocene. In a phylogenetic study of Pamphilioidea which combines living and fossil species, the monophyly of Pamphiliidae has been confirmed, but the position of some fossil genera and Neurotoma remains questionable in Pamphiliidae. Additionally, the current phylogenetic classification divides Pamphiliidae into three subfamilies: Juralydinae, Cephalciinae and Pamphiliinae. The former one only contains most of the fossil genera, while the latter two are mainly composed of living genera and species. Living subfamilies are distinguished by tiny structures such as the body color, the texture of apical spurs in the tibia, and the arrangement of the tarsal inner tooth. In contrast, Juralydinae are mainly identified and distinguished by easily preserved features such as wing veins and antennae due to the limitation of fossil materials. With the accumulation of specimens in recent years, Juralydinae have undergone three revisions and only 1-Rs about half as long as, or slightly longer than, 1-M in forewing is treated as the diagnostic characteristic. Some other potential features, such as the size and arrangement of the tarsal inner teeth, and the bifurcation of Sc in hind wing are also noticed. But these features have only been observed in part of fossil genera and species, and whether they are stable still needs to be explored. The differences between the taxonomic system of fossil taxa and living taxa are not only found in Pamphiliidae but also common in other insect taxa. Only by continuously accumulating specimens and using more advanced and comprehensive methods to tap into the information of each specimen can we build a bridge connecting between fossil and living taxa and scientifically explore their evolution.
    CONTENTS
    Contents of Vol. 67 Issue 8
    2024, 67(8):  1173-1173. 
    Abstract ( 41 )   PDF (539KB) ( 19 )   　　
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