Acta Entomologica Sinica

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Acta Entomol. Sinica evaluated as the Highest International Impact Academic Journals of China 2014
Acta Entomol. Sinica evaluated as the Highest International Impact Academic Journals of China 2013
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Monthly, Founded in 1950
Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Entomological Society of China
Domestic postal code: 2-153
Foreign issuance code: Q61
ISSN 0454-6296
CN 11-1832/Q

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20 November 2024, Volume 67 Issue 11

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RESEARCH PAPERS

Select Apolipoprotein D genes horizontally transferred from fungi affect the longevity and reproduction of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)

CHEN Lei, YU Xin-Yue, GUO Li-Xue, CHEN Yu-Wei, BING Xiao-Li, HU Qi-Qi, SUN Jing-Tao, HONG Xiao-Yue

2024, 67(11): 1439-1450. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.001

Abstract ( 198 )

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【Aim】 Apolipoprotein D (ApoD) is an extracellular protein involved in various biological functions, including metabolism, tissue development, immunity and antioxidation. It serves as a crucial molecular basis for anti-aging and lifespan extension. This study aims to elucidate the duplication and expansion extent, and phylogenesis of ApoD genes in the genomes of spider mites and explore the impact of multifunctional ApoD genes on the longevity and reproduction of Tetranychus urticae.【Methods】 A combined approach utilizing BLASTP, HMMER, TBLASTN and GEMOMA was employed to identify the members of the ApoD gene family in the genomes of Aculops lycopersici, Tetranychus truncatus and T. urticae. The phylogenetic tree of ApoDs from bacteria, fungi, plants, mammals, insects, gall mites and spider mites was constructed with the maximum likelihood method. Based on the expression profiles of the ApoD family genes of T. urticae in different developmental stages (egg, nymph, 1-day-old female adult and 5-day-old female adult) and nymphs or adults on different host plants (bean, Arabidopsis thaliana, tomato, eggplant, cotton and cucumber), four genes (ApoDR2, ApoD9, ApoD17 and ApoD24) were selected for further RNAi. The RNAi of ApoDR2, ApoD9, ApoD17, and ApoD24 in the newly molted adult females was conducted through immersion in dsRNA, and the survival rate and the daily average number of eggs laid per female within 10 d were monitored. 【Results】 A total of 68 ApoD genes in the T. urticae genome were identified. There were 33 of 68 ApoD genes in the closely related T. truncatus and one in A. lycopersici. Outside the Tetranychidae family, organisms typically possessed 1-10 ApoD genes. Phylogenetic analysis result revealed that the ApoD gene family in spider mites clustered into three major clades, aligning with lipid transport protein genes of insects, gall mites and fungi, respectively. The expanded ApoD lineage of spider mites exhibited multiple unique conserved sites shared with fungal ApoD genes, and the maximum likelihood tree suggested a close evolutionary relationship between them. Most of these ApoD genes exhibited high expression levels in nymph and adult and displayed diverse expression regulation patterns in T. urticae fed on different host plants. The silencing of ApoDR2 and ApoD9 showed no significant impact on the fitness of T. urticae, while the silencing of ApoD17 and ApoD24 significantly reduced the survival rate and daily average number of eggs laid per female of T. urticae, with the silencing of ApoD17 exhibiting greater effects on the survival rate and daily average number of eggs laid per female withing 10 d compared with the control. 【Conclusion】 The ApoD genes, likely acquired from fungal horizontal transfer, underwent substantial expansion in the genomes of spider mites, showing varying degrees of impacts on the longevity and reproduction of T. urticae. However, the multifunctionality of ApoD genes in spider mites requires further investigation.

Select GABA_B receptor mediates the feeding preference of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to sweet and bitter substances

LIU Yong-Chong, SUN Long-Long, HUO Yi-Tao, NIU Lin, WANG Hao-Jie, ZHANG Yuan-Chen, YAN Feng-Ming, LIU Long, MA Ying, TANG Qing-Bo

2024, 67(11): 1451-1460. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.002

Abstract ( 127 )

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【Aim】The aim of this study is to investigate the role of the important inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) B-type (GABA_B) receptor in modulating the feeding preference of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda larvae in response to sweet and bitter substances. 【Methods】 RT-qPCR was used to identify the expression levels of GABA_B receptor gene in larvae (day-2 1st instar to day-2 6th instar) and different tissues (head, cuticle, midgut, fat body and hemolymph) of the day-2 5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda. The GABA_B receptor gene was silenced by feeding the 5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda with dsGABA_B R. The GABA_B receptor antagonist was injected into the 5th instar larvae. Using the leaf disc method, the feeding preference indexes for sucrose (sweet substance) and sinigrin (bitter substance), as well as the feeding area on maize leaves of the 5th instar larvae after the treatments with dsGABA_B R and GABA_B receptor antagonist were detected, respectively. 【Results】The expression level of GABA_B receptor gene in the 1st instar larvae was significant higher than those in the other instar larvae of S. frugiperda. The expression level of GABA_B receptor gene in the fat body of the 5th instar larvae of S. frugiperda was significantly higher than those in the other tissues. After dsGABA_B R feeding treatment, the feeding area on maize leaves of the 5th instar larvae significantly decreased as compared with that of the control larvae, the 5th instar larvae didn’t significantly prefer to feed sucrose and exhibited aversive feeding behaviors to the bitter substance sinigrin. After injecting GABA_B receptor antagonist into the hemolymph, the feeding area on maize leaves of the 5th instar larvae also decreased significantly as compared to that of the control larvae. Unlike the control larva significantly preferred to feed sucrose, the 5th instar larvae injected with GABA_B receptor antagonist showed obviously aversive feeding behaviors to sucrose. While both control larvae and larvae injected with GABA_B receptor antagonist exhibited aversive feeding behaviors to the bitter substance sinigrin. 【Conclusion】 GABA_B receptor could not only affect the food ingestion amount of S. frugiperda larvae, but also could change the preference tendency to sweet substances. While the aversive feeding behaviors for bitter sinigrin were not significantly changed by GABA_B receptor. Our results contribute to understanding the regulation mechanisms of feeding behaviors in insects.

Select Screening of antioxidant active components from the larval bodies of Bombyx mori and analysis of non-targeted metabolomics

XIE Yan, SUN Zhi-Chao, GAO Yan-Xia, ZHOU Ling, LIU Lin-Fei, WANG Hui

2024, 67(11): 1461-1474. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.003

Abstract ( 94 )

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【Aim】 To analyze the types, effects and monomer composition of the main natural antioxidant components in the larval body of Bombyx mori, so as to provide a reference for their development and utilization as well as the study of their pharmacodynamic effects.【Methods】 The antioxidant capacity (AC) of the extracts from the leaves of three varieties of mulberry trees (Heyebai, Jisang2 and Boluo), as well as the extracts from excrement and whole larval bodies of the 5th instar of four varieties of B. mori (Jingsong×Haoyue, Dongfei, Cai3 and Cai4) fed on Jisang2 leaves, were tested by the scabenging abilities to free radicals of 2, 2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)(ABTS) and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Meanwhile, the contents of total flavonoids, total phenols, polysaccharids and 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ) in the above extracts were determined by spectrophotometry and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (RP-HPLC-UV) to analyze the main antioxidant active substances from the whole larval body of B. mori. The daily contents of total phenol and the AC for scavenging ABTS radicals (AC_ABTS) in the hemolymph of the last instar larvae (the 4th instar of 3-molter silkworms, the 5th instar of 4-molter silkworms) of six varieties of B. mori (Dongfei, Ansiwuhua, Caigan, 7903, Cai0 and Cai3) were detected. Furthermore, liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) was used for the non-targeted qualitative and quantitative analysis of antioxidant active components in the whole bodies of four varieties of larval B. mori (Jingsong×Haoyue, Dongfei, Cai3 and Cai4) on the last day of the 5th instar and in the leaves of Jisang2. 【Results】The contents of total flavonoids, total phenols and polysaccharids of the extracts from mulberry leaves showed highly significant positive correlations with the AC of extracts from mulberry leaves, and the contents of total flavonoids and total phenols showed highly significantly positive correlations with the AC of extracts from excrement and whole bodies of the 5th instar larvae of B. mori. The AC_ABTS and AC_DPPH of extracts from whole bodies of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of four varieties of B. mori were ［(22.61±1.37)-(36.70±2.12) mg VC/g］ and ［(16.77±0.47)-(23.43±2.34) mg VC/g］, respectively, which were 1.46-2.38 and 1.81-2.54-fold of those of Jisang2 leaf extracts, and also 0.96-2.27 and 1.23-7.73-fold of those of excrement extracts from the 5th instar larve at the last day of B. mori, respectively. The content of total phenols in the extracts from whole body of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori ［(9-14±0.13)-(13.28±0.78) mg/g］ was close to those of Jisang2 leaf ［(19.74±0.58) mg/g］ and excrement of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori ［(10.19±0.19)-(16.74±0.24) mg/g］, but the contents of total flavonoids and 1-DNJ in the extracts from whole body of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori were significantly lower than those of Jisang2 leaf and excrement of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori. The above data indicated that total phenols were the main antioxidant components in the extracts from whole body of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori. The daily AC_ABTS value and daily content of total phenols in larval hemolymph from six varieties of B. mori at the last instar were significantly positively correlated, which further confirmed that total phenols are the important antioxidant components of B. mori. A total of 436 metabolites were identified in the whole bodies of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of four varieties of B. mori and in the Jisang2 leaves. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the differences in the contents of the 436 metabolites could be used to effectively distinguish mulberry leaves from whole bodies of B. mori, and whole bodies of Cai4 from those of the other three varieties of B. mori. The clustering analysis result of 375 differential metabolites showed that the monomers with obviously higher content in the extracts from whole bodies of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori than those of the Jisang2 leaves, mainly belonged to benzene and its derivatives, organic acids, organic oxygen and organic nitrogen compounds. The specific monomer composition of phenols and amino acids was the main reason that the AC of extract from whole bodies of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori was higher than those of Jisang2 leaf extracts.【Conclusion】 The present study confirmed that the AC of whole bodies of the 5th instar larvae at the last day of B. mori was higher than that of Jisang2 leaves and B. mori excrement. Phenols are the main natural antioxidants of B. mori. B. mori can selectively absorb and transform the substances of ingested mulberry leaves to form their unique antioxidant components. More importantly, it was discovered that the sequence polymorphism and expression pattern changes of detoxification enzyme genes are the important reasons for causing the differences in the phenolic composition among B. mori varieties. The above results obtained provide a scientific basis for the application and development of natural antioxidant substances of B. mori.

Select Molecular characterization and expression profiling of juvenile hormone receptor gene AsMet in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae) and an analysis of its roles in reproduction

XING Xiao-Qing, CHEN Bin, SI Feng-Ling

2024, 67(11): 1475-1483. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.004

Abstract ( 103 )

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【Aim】 To clarify the spatiotemporal expression pattern of the juvenile hormone receptor methoprene-tolerant gene AsMet in Anopheles sinensis and explore its influence on the reproductive regulation and development of An. sinensis.【Methods】 Based on the transcriptome data of An. sinensis, the full-length cDNA sequence of AsMet was cloned by RACE and its molecular characteristics were analyzed. qPCR was used to analyze the expression levels of AsMet in different developmental stages (pupa and female adult) and different tissues ［head, throax, anterior part of abdomen (the first 3 segments of abdomen), posterior part of abdomen (the remaining part of abdomen), midgut, Malpighian tubules, fat body, ovary and integument］ of the 3-day-old female adults. dsAsMet was microinjected into the last instar female pupa for RNAi, and the expression levels of AsMet, AsKr-h1 and AsVg, the development of ovaries of female adults, emergence rate, number of eggs laid and egg hatching rate were observed and detected.【Results】 The full-length cDNA sequence of AsMet of An. sinensis (GenBank accession no.: OR783325) was 6 841 bp with the open reading frame (ORF) of 3 159 bp in length, encoding 1 052 amino acids with the predicted molecular weight of 114.46 kD and the isoelectric point of 6.63. AsMet had four conserved domains, including one helix-loop-helix domain, two PAS-binding domains, and one C-terminal conserved motif. AsMet clustered with Mets of An. gambiae, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. AsMet was significantly highly expressed at 30 h after pupation and at most stages of adults, significantly highly expressed in the head and thorax of female adults, and lowly expressed in the midgut, Malpighian tubules and ovary. The expression levels of AsMet were reduced by 70.05%, 41.05% and 68.64%, respectively, at 24, 48 and 72 h after dsAsMet microinjection into the last instar female pupa as compared with those in the control group microinjected with dsEGFP. The emergence rate in microinjection group with dsAsMet was lower than that in microinjection group with dsEGFP, and after mating and blood-feeding the ovaries were agenesia, and the number of eggs laid decreased by 67.58% as compared with that in microinjection group with dsEGFP, and the egg hatching rate in microinjection group with dsAsMet was reduced by 93.10% compared with that in microinjection group with dsEGFP.【Conclusion】The decreased expression of AsMet can reduce the normal development of ovary, and decrease the number of eggs laid and egg hatching rate significantly. The results lay a foundation for further research on the mechanism of JH regulation of reproductive development of An. sinensis, and provide a theoretical basis for understanding the signaling pathway of juvenile hormone and the molecular mechanism of insect reproductive regulation.

Select Regulatory role predication and spatiotemporal expression profiling of lncRNA16999 in Apis mellifera ligustica

LI Kun-Ze, SONG Yu-Xuan, LI Jing-Xian, ZANG He, FENG Pei-Lin, LIU Xiao-Yu, FENG Rui-Rong, LIU Cai-Zhen, CHEN Da-Fu, FU Zhong-Min, GUO Rui

2024, 67(11): 1484-1493. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.005

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【Aim】 To offer a scientific basis for further study on the regulatory function and mechanism of lncRNA16999 in Apis mellifera ligustica by analyzing the regulatory mode and role of lncRNA16999 and detecting the expression patterns of lncRNA16999 in various developmental stages and tissues of A. mellifera ligustica workers. 【Methods】 According to the genomic position of the parental gene of lncRNA16999 on the chromosome of A. mellifera drone adult, the protein-coding genes located within 10 kb upstream and downstream were predicted for cis-acting analysis and annotated in GO and KEGG datasets. Lnc Tar software was used to predict the target mRNA of lncRNA16999 for trans-acting analysis. Miranda, RNAhybrid and TargetScan software were used to respectively predict lncRNA16999-targeted miRNAs and miRNA-targeted mRNAs, and the lncRNA16999-involved competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulatory network was constructed based on the target relationships, followed by GO and KEGG database annotation of target mRNAs. The expression levels of lncRNA16999 in the antenna, venom gland, brain, midgut, fat body, cuticle and hypopharyngeal gland of the newly emerged adult workers were detected by RT-PCR. RT-qPCR was employed to detect the relative expression levels of lncRNA16999 in the worker egg, larva, prepupa and pupa and various day-old adult workers, and the antenna, venom gland, brain, midgut, fat body, cuticle and hypopharyngeal gland of the newly emerged adult workers. 【Results】 LncRNA16999 potentially regulated seven upstream and downstream genes, involving 41 GO terms and one KEGG pathway. There was a positive correlation between lncRNA16999 and one co-expressed mRNA. LncRNA16999 was found to target 35 miRNAs and further target 84 mRNAs, forming a complex ceRNA regulatory network. These target mRNAs were annotated to 23 functional terms such as biological processes and metabolic processes as well as 11 pathways such as endocytosis and metabolic pathway. The target fragments with expected size were successfully amplified in the aforementioned seven tissues. There was no significant difference in the expression level of lncRNA16999 between larva and prepupa, however, the expression levels of lncRNA16999 in larva and prepupa were significantly lower than that in the egg. The expression level of lncRNA16999 in the pupa was the highest and significantly higher than those in the egg, larva and prepupa. In addition, the expression levels of lncRNA16999 in the 6- and 18-day-old adult workers was significantly lower than that in the 1-day-old adult workers. The expression levels of lncRNA16999 in worker’s brain and fat body were similar to that in the cuticle but significantly lower than that in the antenna. Additionally, the expression level of lncRNA16999 in the venom gland was significantly higher than that in the antennae. 【Conclusion】 lncRNA16999 plays potential regulatory roles in A. mellifera ligustica through cis-acting, trans-acting and ceRNA network. LncRNA16999 was dynamically and differentially expressed in various developmental stages and tissues of A. mellifera ligustica workers.

Select Effect of phenol and its derivatives on the trail-following behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

YI Cong, ZHANG Zhi-Dong, ZHANG Lang, WANG Lan-Feng, LUO Chuang-Lian, GUO Rong-Xing, LIU Di, LIANG Jia-Wei, MAO Lei, LI Xiao-Mei, WANG De-Sen, WANG Cai

2024, 67(11): 1494-1502. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.006

Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (3149KB) ( 65 )   　　

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【Aim】 This study aims to investigate the effect of phenol and its derivatives on the trail-following behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus, and screen compounds that have the trail-following activity for C. formosanus, so as to provide new insights for developing termite attractants. 【Methods】 A Y-shaped path was drawn on qualitative filter paper, with the stem and one branch drawn with varying concentrations of phenol or 12 phenol derivatives, while the other branch was drawn with chemical-free acetone. The trail-following distance of C. formosanus workers and soldiers in response to each compound was measured and the tail-following behaviors of workers and soldiers were compared. 【Results】 Eight compounds, including phenol (0.05, 0.5 and 5 μg/cm), p-chlorophenol (0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/cm), phenyl benzoate (0.0005, 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/cm), phenyl acetate (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/cm), 4-hydroxy benzaldehyde (0.5, 5 and 50 μg/cm), 2-phenylethyl methyl ether (5 and 50 μg/cm), ethyl phenyl ether (50 μg/cm), and 2-fluorophenol (0.5 and 5 μg/cm), showed the trail-following activities for C. formosanus workers (mean tail-following distance ≥3.0 cm). In addition, no significant differences were observed in the trailfollowing distance between worker and soldier termites along paths drawn with phenol (0.5 μg/cm), chlorophenol (0.05 μg/cm), or phenyl benzoate (0.5 μg/cm), and worker and soldier termites showed similar trail-following behaviors. 【Conclusion】 Phenol and multiple phenol derivatives have trail-following activities for C. formosanus. These compounds have different chemical structures from previously reported trail-following chemicals in termites, and have the potential to be used as termite attractants.

Select Effects of high temperature stress on the adaptability of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) to host switching between apples and walnuts

WANG Jia-Hua, TANG Yang, LI Kun, LI Meng-Die, LI Yi-Song

2024, 67(11): 1503-1514. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.007

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【Aim】The codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is a quarantine pest in the world and one of the important fruit-boring pests on fruit trees. The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of host switching on the growth, development and reproduction of C. pomonella under high temperature stress, and to clarify its adaptation mechanism to hosts. 【Methods】 The apple population and walnut population of C. pomonella reared on the original hosts and the switched hosts, respectively, at the temperature gradient of 26, 32, 35 and 38 ℃, and designated as apple population reared on apples, walnut population reared on walnuts, apple population reared on walnuts and walnut population reared on apples. The survival rates and duration of different developmental stages and adult fecundity of the experimental population of C. pomonella were analyzed, and the life tables of various treatments were constructed and the population parameters were analyzed. 【Results】 The apple and walnut populations of C. pomonella reared on the original hosts and the switched hosts at 26 and 32 ℃ could grow and develop normally, and the developmental duration was shortened with the increase of temperature. At 26 ℃, larval duration of the apple population of C. pomonella reared on walnuts was the longest (31.76 d), and the pupal duration of the walnut population of C. pomonella reared on walnuts was the longest (11.36 d). At 32 ℃, the egg and larval duration of the apple population of C. pomonella reared on apples were 4.88 and 26.98 d, respectively, and the pupal duration of the walnut populations of C. pomonella reared on apples was the shortest (8.54 d). The adult longevity of C. pomonella at the temperature ranging from 26 to 35 ℃ exhibited significant difference. At 35 and 38 ℃, the development process of C. pomonella was blocked and the developmental duration was prolonged. The female adults could not lay eggs at 35 ℃, and the larval survival was significantly inhibited at 38 ℃. The survival rates of C. pomonella at various developmental stage and the average numbers of eggs laid per female decreased with the increase of temperature. The average number of eggs laid per female of the apple population of C. pomonella reared on apples was the highest (up to 109.20 grains) at 26 ℃. The fitness indexes (egg hatching rate, larval survival rate, pupation rate, eclosion rate and number of eggs laid per female) and population parameters (intrinsic growth rate, finite rate of increase and net reproductive rate) of the apple population of C. pomonella reared on apples were the largest, and those of C. pomonella reared on walnuts were the lowest. 【Conclusion】 Under high temperature stress, host switching has a significant effect on the growth, development and reproduction of C. pomonella, and too high temperature is not conducive to its growth and reproduction. It still has the ability to feed and damage hosts after host switching, and apples are more conducive to improving the fitness and population growth of C. pomonella than walnuts. In general, C. pomonella has the highest fitness to apple hosts, with the strongest fecundity and high adaptability on apples.

Select Construction of genome map and comparative genome analysis of Andrena camellia(Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)

LI Zhen, HUANG Qiang, ZHONG Shi-Qing, XU Tian-Yu, ZENG Zhi-Jiang

2024, 67(11): 1515-1524. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.008

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【Aim】 Andrena camellia is one of the most critical pollinators of Camellia oleifera. The aim of this study is to construct a genome-wide map of A. camellia compared with the genomes of other honey bee species of the Apidae, so as to investigate the evolutionary proximity of A. camellia to other honey bee species of the Apidae. 【Methods】 Illumina and PacBio sequencing technologies and high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) technology were employed to sequence the genomes of wild female adults of A. camellia collected from the C. oleifera plantation in Yichun, Jiangxi Province. Genome assembly and annotation were performed using Hifiasm and BLASTP software, and the evolutionary relationships between A. camellia and 15 other species of the Apidae were analyzed by clustering via MEGA software based on protein homology sequences. Based on the single-copy gene families shared by 16 insect species, the divergence time of each species was accurately estimated using the MCMCtree programme in the PAML software package. Orthologous gene Ks density distributions and gene family positive selection analyses of five species including A. camellia were performed with KaKs_Calculator software.【Results】Sequencing results showed that the genome of A. camellia was 265.44 Mb in length and contained 12 pairs of chromosomes, and the chromosome was 265.10 Mb in length. Cluster analysis indicated that A. camellia formed a group with Dufourea novaeangliae, Megalopta genalis and Nomia melanderi of Halictidae and Colletes gigas of Colletidae. The lowest Ks peaks between the orthologous gene pairs of A. camellia and C. gigas also proved that A. camellia was more closely related to C. gigas, which is the dominant pollinating insect for C. oleifera pollination. Division between A. camellia, members of Halictidae, and C. gigas occurred about 97.9 (87.1-111.2) million years ago. In the genome of A. camellia, a number of genes under positive selection were identified that might be associated with its characteristic black body colour and fatty acid metabolism pathways. Some extended gene families in the genome of A. camellia were significantly enriched in the galactose metabolism pathway (ko00052) (enrichment factor=0.0148). 【Conclusion】 A high-quality chromosome-level genome map of A. camellia was successfully constructed and served as a reference geneome. The ability of A. camellia to metabolize toxic oligosaccharides may be closely related to the expanding gene family of A. camellia. These findings provide new insights into solving the problem of poisoning of honey bees while foraging nectar and pollen from C. oleifera.

Select Species identification of tea green leafhoppers in tea gardens of Yunnan, based on morphological characteristics, COI gene sequence and hybridization experiment

MENG Zhao-Na, CHU Bo, LUO Zong-Xiu, LI Zhao-Qun, BIAN Lei, XIU Chun-Li, FU Nan-Xia, ZHAO Yuan-Yan, HU Yan-Ping, CHEN Zong-Mao, CAI Xiao-Ming

2024, 67(11): 1525-1534. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.009

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【Aim】The previous studies demonstrated that there was a slight difference in aedeagus morphology between the tea green leafhopper from Pu′er tea gardens in Yunnan Province, Southwest China and Empoasca (Matsumurasca) onukii from tea gardens in other provinces although the highly similar morphological characteristics. In order to provide a scientific basis for the control of the tea green leafhoppers in Yunnan, this study was carried out to determine whether the species of the tea green leafhoppers occurring in Yunnan tea gardens is E. (M.) onukii. 【Methods】Tea green leafhopper samples were collected from 13 tea gardens in 11 districts/counties of four cities in Yunnan Province, and E. (M.) onukii samples were collected from one tea garden in Guizhou Province and two tea gardens in Zhejiang Province. The morphological observations, comparisons of the COI gene sequences, and hybridization experiments were used to identify the species of the tea green leafhoppers in Yunnan tea gardens.【Results】The ventro-basal side of the male aedeagal shaft of the tea green leafhoppers from 13 tea gardens in Yunnan had a spiny protuberance, but there was no such characteristic in E. (M.) onukii samples from Guizhou and Zhejiang. The COI gene sequences of tea green leafhoppers from 13 tea gardens in Yunnan showed 99.35%-99.74% identity with those of E. (M.) onukii on NCBI. The pairwise genetic distance of tea green leafhoppers from 16 collecting localities ranged from 0.000 to 0.011. The cluster analysis of haplotype abundance showed that the samples from Yunnan formed a separate branch while those from Guizhou and Zhejiang formed a branch. In the hybridization experiments, both female and male adults of Pu′er population in Yunnan could naturally mate with E. (M.) onukii from Hangzhou, Zhejiang, and produced the fertile F₁ generation. There was no reproductive isolation between the two populations. The hatching rates, emergence rates, and nymphal duration among the F₁ generation from hybridization experiments showed no significant difference. Among the F₂ generations from self-crossing of the F₁ generations, the numbers of eggs laid per female, emergence rates, female-male ratios and nymphal duration showed no significant difference. 【Conclusion】 The species of the tea green leafhoppers from Yunnan tea gardens is E. (M.) onukii. E. (M.) onukii in tea gardens in China has evolved into multiple geographic populations with different morphological features.

REVIEW ARTICLES

Select Research advances of the effects of microorganisms on the interaction between rice and pests

SHI Jin-Hua, JIN Mei-Xiang, WANG Chao, LU Jing, WANG Man-Qun

2024, 67(11): 1535-1542. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.010

Abstract ( 108 )   PDF (1076KB) ( 94 )   　　

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During the long-term evolution, plants and herbivorous insects have acquired diverse and complex mechanisms to adapt to each other. Plants have evolved a series of defense mechanisms against insects; meanwhile, herbivorous insects have evolved multiple strategies to adapt to plant defense for survival. Microorganisms are widely found in plants and insects as well as in environments. Increasing evidence proves that microorganisms can participate in the interaction between plants and herbivorous insects, which impacts the environmental adaptability of plants and herbivorous insects. Rice is an important food crop. In this article, we outlined the research progress on rice-pest interactions and common microorganisms in agroecosystems such as insect symbiotic bacteria, soil microorganisms and pathogenic microorganisms that affect rice growth and development, reproduction of pest populations, and alteration of rice defense responses to pests. It has great significance for the further understanding of the interactions between plants and pests. Finally, we presented an outlook on the future research directions of the use of microorganisms to control rice pests: (1) Strengthening research and development of insecticidal microbial agents; and (2) application of endosymbiotic bacteria for pest control and prevention.

Select Research progress and prospect of leaf gall-inducing insects and mites

WEN Xiu-Jun, ZHU Jun-Yi, LUO Yan-Ling, MA Shao-Jian

2024, 67(11): 1543-1559. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.011

Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (16529KB) ( 153 )   　　

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Gall-inducing insects are a category of insects capable of causing abnormal proliferation in parasitized plants, leading to the formation of galls. There are approximately 20 families of gall-inducing insects of six orders worldwide. These insects exhibit a high degree of specificity in their parasitism but can harm multiple parts of their hosts. The most extensively affected and severely damaged part is the plant leaf, and this damage has caused significant economic losses worldwide and disrupted regional ecological balance and the stability of the biological chain. In this article, with six categories of leaf gall-inducing insects, including Cecidomyiidae (gall midges), Cynipidae (gall wasps), Eulophidae (parasitic wasps), Psylloidea (sucking lice), Aphidoidea (aphids) and Eriophyoidea (gall mites) as the focuses, the simple and complex structure of plant leaf galls was summarized. The diversity of gall morphologies on leaves was discussed around three major hypotheses, providing a deeper understanding of the significance of gall structure to leaf gall-inducing insects. The gall midge Dasineura jujubifolia was used as a case study to explore the damage characteristics of leaf gall-inducing insects and to discuss the causes of their damage from a practical perspective. The discussion integrated both existing and potential control measures for leaf gall-inducing insects, both domestically and internationally, including chemical control, agricultural control and biological control as the three major strategies. The six types of gall-inducing insects have distinctive characteristics in terms of their damaging methods, gall formation features, and the completion modes of their life cycles. The different structural composition and hormonal changes of galls correspond to explanations of the nutrition hypothesis, microenvironment hypothesis and natural enemy hypothesis. Based on the current limited research, the formation process of galls is divided into the initial stage, growth stage, maturity stage and emergence stage. A comprehensive discussion was presented on how leaf gall insects can cause changes in multiple factors such as sugars, proteins, lipids and growth hormones in the host plant by secreting specific molecules. The three major characteristics of the damage by leaf gall-inducing insects are its prolonged duration, severe degree and high difficulty in control. The control methods mainly based on chemical control before the emergence stage of adult insects, supplemented by agricultural measures during the forestry period were introduced. At the same time, biological control with natural enemies and biological agents has a broad prospect for development. Research on leaf gall insects in our country still has significant room for development. Their unique way of causing damage suggests a certain trend in the co-evolution between species, which holds substantial economic value and practical significance from both macroscopic and microscopic perspectives.

Select RNA m⁶A methylation modification in insects

WANG Hui-Min, ZHOU Yu, WU Ya-Xi, YANG Mei-Ling

2024, 67(11): 1560-1571. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.012

Abstract ( 86 )   PDF (1813KB) ( 101 )   PDF（mobile） (1813KB) ( 2 )   　　

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N⁶-Methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most abundant internal modification on eukaryotic mRNA and non-coding RNA (ncRNA), which is involved in many biological processes by influencing RNA metabolism. Since its discovery in 1974, m⁶A modification has been reported to regulate alternative splicing, translation, nuclear export, localization and stability of RNA and so on at post-transcriptional levels. However, it is a lack about the systematic and comprehensive review on m⁶A methylation modification of insect RNA. In this article, we reviewed the regulatory mechanisms of m⁶A modification elements, the detecting techniques for studying m⁶A modification, and the functions of m⁶A modification in the important biological process of neural development and function, growth and development, phenotypic plasticity, sex determination and stress response in insects. In addition, we analyzed the shortcomings and limitations about the present research and proposed research areas in the future research directions and applications in insects to be further explored. Studying the mechanism and function of insect m⁶A modification can not only contribute to the breeding of economic insects with good economic traits, environmental adaptability and disease resistance, but also provide a scientific basis for plant resistant breeding and effective control of pests and diseases.

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Select Aanalysis of the resistance mechanism of the Bombyx mori metallocarboxypeptidase gene BmMCP18 to BmNPV based on transcriptomics

WANG Qian-Ru, WANG Ya-Qing, SHEN Shi-Jie, GENG Lin-Ye, LIU Dong-Hua, GUO Jin-Xin, SHEN Yi-Hong, HUANG Xian-Zhi

2024, 67(11): 1572-1584. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.11.013

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【Aim】 To explore the function of BmMCP18, a gut-specific metallocarboxypeptidase gene from Bombyx mori, and its resistance mechanism to exogenous virus infection. 【Methods】 The BmMCP18 knockout B. mori (BmMCP18KO)(C18KO) was constructed. The 5th instar larval midgut transcriptomes from C18KO and its control wild-type B. mori (C18KOC), and the 5th instar larval midgut transcriptomes of BmMCP18KO (C18KOV) infected with nuclear polyhedrosis virus (B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus, BmNPV) and its control wild-type B. mori (C18KOCV) were sequenced. The differentially expressed genes were analyzed for GO functional annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment, and qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of related genes.【Results】 Compared with the control group C18KOC, C18KO had 75 genes with up-regulated expression and 303 genes with down-regulated expression. Compared with the control group C18KOCV, C18KOV had 96 genes with up-regulated expression and 57 genes with down-regulated expression. The significantly enriched GO items by differentially expressed genes in the C18KOC vs C18KO comparison group were extracellular space, cell surface, peptide cross-linking and synaptic target recognition. The most significantly enriched GO item by differentially expressed genes in the C18KOCV vs C18KOV comparison group was transmembrane transporter activity. The expression of genes related to the immune pathway, carbohydrate and energy metabolism pathway, including Toll and Imd pathway, and MAPK pathway in the transcriptome of the 5th instar larval midgut of C18KO, was significantly down-regulated，while that related to ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis pathway was significantly up-regulated, as compared with that of C18KOC. The expression of energy metabolism genes in the 5th instar larval midgut of C18KOV was significantly up-regulated as compared with that of C18KOCV. The qRT-PCR validation results indicated that the transcriptome data were reliable.【Conclusion】 The function of BmMCP18 involves cellular recognition, immune regulation and energy metabolism in the midgut of B. mori, possibly by participating in the immune response, energy and material supply of midgut cells to affect the resistance of B. mori to the infection of exogenous pathogens.

CONTENTS

Select Contents of Vol. 67 Issue 11

2024, 67(11): 1585-1585.

Abstract ( 39 )   PDF (518KB) ( 31 )   　　

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