【Aim】 Under short and long light photoperiod, the mature larvae of Carposina sasakii undergo diapause and non-diapause development, respectively. This study aims to interfere with the diapause of C. sasakii by using the ecdysone analog methoxyfenozide so as to lay a foundation for the new control technologies for C. sasakii. 【Methods】 The 20E titer dynamics in C. sasakii during larvae diapause and non-diapause developments were measured by ELISA. The interference effect of methoxyfenozide (0.05, 0.1, 1, 2, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/mL) and 20E (0.5 and 1 mg/mL) on the cocoon formation of C. sasakii was determined using the sandblast method with pure water as the control. The effects of 5 mg/mL methoxenozide and 1 mg/mL 20E sandblasting treatments on the 20E titer of C. sasakii were measured, and the effect of sandblasting with 0.1 and 5 mg/mL methoxenozide on the diapause of C. sasakii were investigated subsequently. 【Results】 There was no difference in 20E titer in the developmental process between diapause and non-diapause larvae of C. sasakii under two photoperiods (15L∶9D and 12L∶12D), and both gradually decreased with the increase of instar and reched the lowest when they escaped off fruits. However, the 20E titer in non-diapause larvae escaping off fruits under long photoperiod (0.473 ng/g) was significantly higher than that in diapause larvae escaping off fruits under short photoperiod (0.254 ng/g). The non-diapause developmental larvae entered the long cocoon pupation after defruiting, and the 20E titer increased significantly and maintained a high level (0.652-1.217 ng/g) in the pupal stage. The diapause developmental larvae entered the 
round cocoon diapause after defruiting, and the 20E titer slowly increased in the first four days, reaching the first peak (0.656 ng/g) on the 4th day, then decreased and then increased again, reaching the 2nd peak (0.790 ng/g) on the 8th day. With the entry of diapause stabilization period, the 20E titer gradually decreased. After 70 d, the diapause was relieved, and the 20E titer remained at a low level. The lowest titer (0.424 ng/g) of diapause period was reached on the 90th day, and then the 20E titer began to rise. Methoxyfenozide at the concentration of 0.05 mg/mL could interfere with the formation of diapause round cocoons of C. sasakii larvae escaping off fruits under short photoperiod, and the LD₅₀ value of methoxyfenozide to mature defruiting larvae of C. sasakii was 7.039 μg/individual. Both methoxyhydrazine and 20E at the concentration of more than 0.05 mg/mL sprayed on the sand surface could effectively interfere with the formation of diapause round cocoons of C. sasakii, and 20E showed higher interference activity than methoxyfenozide at the same concentration of 1 mg/mL. Both of them could make the diapause larvae produce long cocoon, abnormal cocoon and non-cocooning reaction, and the 20E titer in abnormal cocoon and non-cocooning larvae increased significantly. The percentages of cocooning failure in 5 mg/mL methoxyfenozide and 1 mg/mL 20E sand spraying treatments were 70.0% and 66.7%, respectively. The 20E titers in abnormal cocooning larvae significantly increased by 16.3% and 143.0%, respectively. The 20E titers in non-cocooning larvae significantly increased by 149.3% and 278.6%, respectively. Although some larvae could form round cocoons after being exposed to 0.1 mg/mL methoxyfenozide, the proportion of larvae successfully completing diapause and eclosion reduced, and the eclosion rate was only 20.8%. 【Conclusion】 The 20E titer in C. sasakii keeps a low titer during the diapause process, and a higher titer is needed in the reproductive developmental stage. Moreover, methoxyfenozide and 20E can interfere with its diapause state forming round cocoons. The increase range of 20E titer is consistent with the change of cocooning phenotype, and 20E shows higher interference activity than methoxyfenozide at the same concentration. Methoxyfenozide reduces the proportion of larvae successfully completing diapause.

【Aim】 Cacopsylla chinensis is an important pest of pear trees in China. The objectives of this study are to analyze the binding properties of the chemosensory protein 8 of C. chinensis (CchiCSP8) to volatiles of pear trees, and to comprehensively study the 
olfactory function of CchiCSP8, so as to provide a preliminary basis for explaining the olfactory mechanism of C. chinensis locating pear trees in the future. 【Methods】 We cloned the full-length open reading frame (ORF) of CchiCSP8 by PCR, and performed homology 
alignment and phylogenetic analysis based on the deduced amino acid sequences of CchiCSP8 with CSPs from other hemipteran insects. We then constructed the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a(+)-CchiCSP8 and determined the binding affinities of the recombinant CchiCSP8 to 41 pear tree volatiles by in vitro expression of Escherichia coli, His-tag protein nickel beads purification technology and fluorescence competitive binding assay. CchiCSP8 was subsequently subjected to homologous modeling and molecular docking analysis. 【Results】 The full-length ORF sequence of CchiCSP8 was cloned and obtained. It is 426 bp 
in length, encoding 141 amino acids, with a signal peptide consisting of 21 amino acids at the N-terminus. The predicted molecular weight and isoelectric point of mature CchiCSP8 protein are 15.02 kD and 9.77, respectively. By sequence alignment with the CSPs of the same order insects, it was found that CchiCSP8 has four conserved cysteine sites and is of the closest evolutionary relationship with DcitCSP11 of Diaphorina citri. pET30a(+)-CchiCSP8 was successfully expressed in E. coli after induction by IPTG, and a clean 
CchiCSP8 protein was purified by nickel magnetic beads. The binding affinities of the recombinant CchiCSP8 analyzed by fluorescence competitive binding assay showed that CchiCSP8 had certain binding affinities to 18 volatiles of pear tree, including 4 alkenes, 6 alcohols, 4 aldehydes, 1 ketone, 1 ester and 2 aromatics ligands, with the Ki values of 14-30 μmol/L. The binding affinities of CchiCSP8 with ligands changed with the number of carbon atoms. The molecular docking results showed that the binding energy (-4.2-6.0 
kJ/mol) between CchiCSP8 and each ligand was not obviously different, being consistent with the results of the above fluorescence competitive binding assay. During the binding process between CchiCSP8 and different ligands, several common amino acid residues, including 5 non-polar residues (A38, A42, L93, L99 and V100) and 2 polar residues (Q107 and K46), play a most prominent role. 【Conclusion】 CchiCSP8 can bind 18 pear tree volatiles of different types, suggesting that it plays an important role in the process of identifying pear tree volatiles by C. chinensis. The results of this study lay a theoretical basis for clarifying the olfactory mechanism of C. chinensis in the process of locating pear trees, providing a new idea for behavioral regulation of C. chinensis based on disturbing the olfactory behavior of the pest.

 【Aim】 This study aims to clarify the expression features and ligand binding characteristics of chemosensory protein 4 (CSP4) in Scythropus yasumatsui, a major pest of Zizyphus jujuba. 【Methods】 Based on the antennal transcriptome data of S. yasumatsui 
adults, the cDNA sequence of PyasCSP4 was cloned by using RT-PCR and then subjected to bioinformatical analysis. The expression levels of PyasCSP4 in different adult tissues (antennae, heads without antennae, thoraxes, abdomens, legs and wings) of S. yasumatsui adults were assayed by RT-qPCR. The recombinant PyasCSP4 was prokaryotically expressed and then purified by Ni-NTA resin. The binding characteristics of the recombinant PyasCSP4 with 35 jujube volatiles were assayed by fluorescence competitive binding assay. 【Results】 The cDNA sequence of PyasCSP4 (GenBank accession no. OK322362) was cloned from S. yasumatsui. It contains an open reading frame of 366 bp in length, encoding 121 amino acids with a signal peptide of 18 amino acids at the N-terminus. The mature protein of PyasCSP4 possesses four conserved cysteines. The RT-qPCR analysis result showed that PyasCSP4 was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues of S. yasumatsui adults. The expression levels of PyasCSP4 in adult antennae and wings were significantly higher than those in other tissues. The recombinant PyasCSP4 had binding activities to 25 ligands, and particularly had the strongest binding affinity to α-pinene, α-phellandrene and ocimene, with the dissociation constant (Ki) values of 6.29, 6.58 and 6.69 μmol/L, respectively. 【Conclusion】 PyasCSP4 has the capability to bind a variety of jujube volatiles, indicating that it may play an important role in locating host plants for S. yasumatsui. The results have great significance for elucidating the olfactory mechanism of S. yasumatsui and implementing green prevention and control measures.

【Aim】 The objective of this study is to explore the roles of glucose oxidase (GOX) in the development, digestion, and immune defense of Mythimna separata.【Methods】 The cDNA sequence of GOX gene from M. separata was cloned by transcriptome sequencing technology. The specific expression patterns of this GOX gene in different developmental stages (1st-6th instar larvae, pupae and 1-day-old adults) and tissues (foregut, midgut, hindgut, labial gland, Malpighian tubules, fat body, and integument) of the day-1 4th instar larvae, and the day-1 4th instar larvae of M. separata fed with maize leaves soaked in different concentrations (0.01%, 0.1%, 1%, and 10%) of glucose solution for 10 s and under starvation and refeeding conditions were detected by qRT.PCR. The role of this GOX gene in the resistance of M. separata to Bacillus thuringiensis was explored by RNAi and bioassay.【Results】 A 2 187 bp cDNA sequence of a novel GOX gene named MsGOX (GenBank accession no.: KY348779) was obtained from M. separata. It has the open reading frame of 1 821 bp in length, encoding a 606-amino acid polypeptide with the predicted molecular weight of 66.4 kD. Developmental expression profile revealed that MsGOX showed different expression levels in M. separata at different developmental stages, with the highest expression level at the 4th instar larval stage, and tissue expression profile showed that MsGOX was expressed in various tissues of the day-1 4th instar larvae，with the highest expression level in labial glands. MsGOX transcription could be induced differently by feeding larvae with different concentrations of glucose. The expression level of MsGOX reached the highest when the glucose concentration was 10%. The expression level of MsGOX in the day-1 4th instar larvae increased gradually with the starvation time increasing, and reached the peak at 24 h after starvation. When the larvae were refed with maize leaves after starvation, the expression level of MsGOX gradually increased. At 48 h after injection of dsMsGOX, the expression level of MsGOX was inhibited by 88.3% as compared to the control (injected with dsEGFP). The larval body weight, body length, and digestibility coefficient at 48 and 72 h after injection of dsMsGOX were significantly reduced, and the corrected mortality rates of larvae infected by B. thuringiensis at 48 and 72 h were enhanced, as compared to those in the control groups at the same time points. 【Conclusion】 MsGOX might participate in digestion and antibacterial processes in the midgut of M. separata. The results provide a basis for further studying the function of MsGOX and exploring novel strategy to control M. separata.

【Aim】 This study aims to evaluate the safety of fungicides and insecticides commonly used in corn fields to Trichogramma ostriniae. 【Methods】 Corn leaves were applied with four fungicides (thiophanate-methyl, tebuconazole, bismerthiazol, and pyraclostrobin) and four insecticides (avermectins, chlorantraniliprole, beta-cypermethrin, and imidacloprid) at the field recommended dosages in the laboratory. At 1, 3, 5 and 7 d after pesticide application, the mortality rates, parasitic abilities (numbers of Sitotroga cerealella eggs parasitized) and offspring emergence rates of T. ostriniae adults exposed to corn leaves containing pesticide residues for 24 h were investigated. 【Results】 Different fungicides and insecticides at different time after application had significant effects on the mortality rate, parasitic ability and emergence rate of T. ostrinia adults. Among the four fungicides, the effects of bismerthiazol and pyraclostrobin on the parasitic ability of T. ostrinia lasted for a long time. After 7 d of application, the number of S. cerealella eggs parasitized by T. ostrinia adults exposed to corn leaves containing bismerthiazol and pyraclostrobin residues for 24 h were 20.25 and 20.80, respectively. Tebuconazole had the greatest effect on T. ostrinia. After T. ostrinia adults were exposed to corn leaves containing tebuconazole residue for 24 h, their emergence rate was 18.48% at 7 d after pesticide application and their mortality was 37.03% at 3 d after pesticide application. Among the four insecticides, avermectins and imidacloprid had a more long-lasting effect on the parasitic ability of T. ostrinia and showed greater toxicity. After T. ostrinia adults were exposed to corn leaves containing avermectins and imidacloprid residues for 24 h, the numbers of S. cerealella eggs parasitized were 3.43 and 9.19, respectively, at 7 d after pesticide application, and their mortality rates were 96.21% and 74.00%, respectively, at 1-3 d after pesticide application. The emergence of T. ostrinia offspring was damaged for a longer time after application of beta-cypermethrin, and the offspring emergence rate was 27.92% at 7 d after application. In general, the four insecticides had a greater impact on T. ostriniae than the four fungicides. 【Conclusion】 It is not recommended to use the three fungicides, tebuconazole, bismerthiazol and pyraclostrobin, and the two insecticides, avermectins and imidacloprid, in the field in 7 d before T. ostriniae are released to control Ostrinia nubilalis, and to use thiophanate-methyl and beta-cypermethrin in 5 d before T. ostriniae release. Chlorantraniliprole should be reasonably used depending on the recommended field dosages.

【Aim】 Drepanococcus chiton is a newly recorded Coccidae pest in China in recent years. It can pose a great threat to the agricultural production and ecological environment, and its harm to Phyllanthus emblica was first found and described in western 
Yunnan. It is of great significance to study its spatial distribution, and morphological and biological characteristics for its monitoring and control. 【Methods】 From May to September 2019, we investigated the occurrence and population densityof D. chiton on three test plantations of P. emblica in Baoshan, Yunnan Province by sample-plot survey and analyzed its spatial distribution pattern by clump intensity index. From January to December 2020, we bred D. chiton indoors and in the experimental field, respectively, by fresh branches of P. emblica without the pest and P. emblica plants grafted with D. chiton female adults, and observed the reproductive mode, postembryonic development, morphological characteristics, developmental duration and life history. 【Results】 In western Yunnan, D. chiton was distributed in groves of P. emblica aggregately, its damage rate was 32%-56% and its population density was 10.95-94.26 individuals per plant. It has two generations a year. The fertilized female adults overwinter on the host branches and their oviposition periods are during January-February, June-July and October-November. The growing periods of the 1st-2nd instar nymphs are during January-March and June-September, and the peak periods of eclosion of male adults and copulation of adults were in mid-late March and during late July-middle August, respectively. The reproductive mode is bisexual reproduction and the postembryonic development is oviparous type. The oval and orange yellow eggs are accumulated outside the matrix and protected in wax shell, and their average developmental duration is 8-13 d. The 1st instar nymphs are flat, smooth, orange yellow, active and diffused with the wind and molted in 12-18 d. The 2nd instar nymphs are slightly arched on the back, secrete dentate waxy bulges and differentiate into female and male in 7-10 d. The 3rd instar female nymphs have large arched backs, transparent thin wax shells and yellow green or brown bodies, and their average duration is 13-18 d. The longest average duration of female adults is 50-62 d, their abdomens press back before laying eggs, the number of eggs laid per female is 847.03±13.72, and the egg hatching rate was 97.68%. The male 
has three developmental stages: prepupa, pupa and adult. The prepupal duration is 5-7 d and the pupal duration 7-10 d. The male adults have developed front wings, degenerated rear wings and developed external genital process, and their shortest life span is only 1-3 d, so they are difficultly seen in the forest. 【Conclusion】 D. chiton is distributed in groves of P. emblica in western Yunnan aggregately and the female adults have proper reproductivity. The dispersal stage of the 1st instar nymphs is from January to March and the developmental stage of piercing-sucking mouthparts of the 2nd instar nymphs is from June to September when they are asthenic. Therefore, it is suggested to carry out comprehensive control at these periods of a year.

【Aim】 The genetic differentiation research is an important link to understand the morphological diversity and adaptive evolution of honey bees. It is a prerequisite for the determination of the bioresource management unit and the protection unit and helps to protect the genetic resources of honey bees. This study aims to study the genetic differentiation and genetic resource distribution of the Asian honey bee, Apis cerana across the geographical environment in China by analyzing morphological differentiation. 【Methods】 A total of 6 147 worker bees of A. cerana were collected from 102 sampling sites across the complete distribution area of A. cerana in China. Sixty worker bees of each sampling site from 10-20 colonies were dissected and 33 morphological characteristics associated with the wings, individual size, hind leg, and body color were measured. A multivariate morphometric analysis was conducted and clusters with their morphological traits and distribution patterns were identified. 【Results】 According to the cluster results of discriminant analysis and principal component analysis, A. cerana in China can be divided into 14 morphological clusters. Five clusters with smaller body size were identified. Hainan cluster had the smallest body size, followed by South Yunnan cluster, Taiwan cluster, Southern cluster, and Northern cluster. These five clusters were significantly different in proboscis length, forewing length, the structure of the 3rd submarginal cell in the forewing, body color, and the length of the wax plate. Changbai cluster had the largest cubital index, wax plate size, and width of the stripe of tomentum on tergite 5. However, Bomi cluster of Tibet had the smallest width of the stripe of tomentum on tergite 5 in China. Northwest cluster had the longest hind legs. Five clusters in the West Sichuan Plateau were characterized by larger individuals and black body color. Batang cluster had the smallest cubital index (3.0169) and the largest individual size in China. The cubital index of the Aba cluster was inferior only to that of the Changbai cluster, and the wing lengths and the sizes of sternite 7 were the largest. Derong cluster was the darkest. Yajiang cluster was unique in wing vein angles (A4, N23, E9 and J10 were the smallest and B4 the largest). Chuandian cluster had the smallest body size on the Western Sichuan Plateau. 【Conclusion】 In this study, the morphometric analysis of A. cerana was conducted based on collection of samples across the complete distribution area of A. cerana in China, especially those from Bomi of Tibet, Taiwan Province, and the Western Sichuan Plateau. Fourteen clusters of A. cerana were obtained in China, including Hainan cluster, southern Yunnan cluster, Changbai cluster, Taiwan cluster, Bomi cluster, Aba cluster, Batang cluster, Derong cluster, Yajiang cluster, Chuandian cluster, Chuangui cluster, Northwest cluster, Southern cluster, and Northern cluster. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the protection and exploitation of genetic resources of A. cerana in China.