【Aim】 This study aims to establish the adult antennal transcriptome database of Lytta caraganae, and explore and identify genes of olfactory-related odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and chemosensory proteins (CSPs) in its adult antennae. 【Methods】 Transcriptome analysis of adult antennae of L. caraganae was performed on Illumina HiSeq platform. Assembled genes were annotated by alignment against public databases NR, NT, KO, Pfam, Swiss-Prot, GO and KOG. OBP and CSP genes of L. caraganae were screened according to the annotation results. Structural characteristics and evolutionary relationship of OBP and 
CSP genes were analyzed by ClustalX 1.83 and MEGA 7.0 software, respectively. The expression levels of OBP and CSP genes in female and male adult antennae of of L. caraganae were determined by qRTPCR. 【Results】 A total of 51 028 transcripts and 41 998 unigenes were obtained from the adult antennal transcriptome of L. caraganae. Gene annotation results showed that L. caraganae genes have the highest match (87.3%) to those of Tribolium castaneum. Twenty-wo OBP genes and seven CSP genes were screened. Sequence alignment result showed that 13 LcarOBPs are classified into classic OBPs， which contain six conserved cysteine residues. Phylogenetic tree showed that LcarOBPs and LcarCSPs show the highest amino acid sequence identity with OBPs and CSPs of Hycleus cichorii and H. phaleratus, respectively, indicating the closest evolutionary relationship. qRT-PCR results showed that two LcarOBP genes and two LcarCSP genes were highly expressed in the male adult antennae of L. caraganae, while ten LcarOBP genes and two LcarCSP genes highly expressed in the female adult antennae. 【Conclusion】 The OBP and CSP genes in adult antennae of L. caraganae have been identified for the first time, providing a theoretical basis for further study on the mechanism of olfactory recognition in L. caraganae.

【Aim】 Thisstudyaimstoscreenhighlyexpressed genes in the mandibular glands of Apis mellifera foragers, so as to provide the basis for further screening and study of genes related with the foraging behavior of honey bees. 【Methods】 Differentially expressed 
genes (DEGs) in the mandibular glands of foragers were screened based on previously sequenced transcriptome data of mandibular glands of five kinds of workers of A. mellifera with different tasks (3-day-old worker bees, 10-day-old nurse bees, 10-day-old forager bees, 21-day-old nurse bees and 21-day-old forager bees), and GO and KEGG analyses of these DEGs were performed. qRTPCR was used to detect the expression levels of eight randomly selected DEGs in the mandibular glands of 10dayold nurse bees and 
10dayold forager bees, and two key DEGs including Δ-1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase gene Amp5cs and cytochrome P450 9e2 gene CYP9Q3 in different developmental stages of workers and tissues of foragers. 【Results】 The expression levels of 22 DEGs in the mandibular glands of 21-day-old foragers were significantly higher than those of 3-day-old workers, 10-day-old nurses and 21-day-old nurses. Meanwhile, the expression levels of the above 22 DEGs in the mandibular glands of 10-day-old foragers of A. mellifera were also significantly higher than those of 10-day-old nurses. GO and KEGG enrichment showed that these DEGs were mainly enriched in cholesterol metabolism, galactose metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, apoptosis-fly, and biosynthesis of amino acids. qRT-PCR results showed that the expression patterns of eight 
DEGs (LOC100576395, LOC411983, LOC410235, LOC725581, LOC410527, LOC406131, LOC408453 and 
LOC410253) were consistent with those of the transcriptome data. Two key DEGs Amp5cs and CYP9Q3 were expressed in various developmental stages of workers, with the highest expression level in foragers. The expression levels of Amp5cs in abdomen, thorax, 
mandibular glands and antennae of foragers were higher, and those of CYP9Q3 were significantly higher in antennae and legs than those in other tissues of foragers. 【Conclusion】 In this study, 22 highly expressed DEGs in the mandibular glands of A. mellifera foragers were screened under the condition of decreasing the interference of day-age. And these DEGs may be mainly involved in the physiological development of mandibular glands of forager bees, as well as metabolic pathways including energy supply, detoxification of exogenous substances, and nectar transformation, affecting the foraging behavior of honey bees. These results not only provide a theoretical reference for the functional study of mandibular glands of A. mellifera, but also lay a foundation for the cultivation of new lines with strong foraging ability.

【Aim】 This study aims to analyze the possible coping mechanism and the adverse effects in response to low temperature stress during the middle pupal stage of Apis mellifera workers. 【Methods】 The 8-d-capped broods of A. mellifera workers were exposed to cold temperature (20℃) for 96 h (T), with those unexposed to cold stress used as the 
control (CK), and then subjected to transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq) and differentially expressed gene (DEG) screening. In addition, GO classification and KEGG pathway analyses of DEGs were performed. The expression levels of  five randomly selected DEGs were verified by RT-qPCR. 【Results】 A total of 1 101 DEGs were detected in the 8-d-capped brood workers of A. mellifera exposed to cold temperature (20℃) for 96 h. GO classification showed that the GO terms with the largest number of DEGs were metabolism process (142 DEGs) and cellular process (142 DEGs), followed by binding (131 DEGs), catalytic activity (120 DEGs) and single-organism process (118 DEGs). The KEGG pathway analysis result showed that DEGs were significantly enriched in peroxisome pathway, D-glutamine metabolic pathway, D-glutamate metabolic pathway, and glutathione metabolic pathway, which are related to oxidative damage. In addition, DEGs were also significantly enriched in insect hormone metabolism pathway, mTOR signaling pathway and FoxO pathway related to hormone regulation. The results of RNA-Seq and RT-qPCR of the five randomly selected DEGs were consistent. 【Conclusion】 In this study, it has been found that the mid-staged pupae of A. mellifera cope with low temperature via regulating endogenous hormones, slowing down or stopping the development. In the pupae oxidative damage may accumulate by reducing the expression of antioxidant enzymes in low temperature stress, consequently causing detrimental effects on honeybees after emergence. The results of this study are helpful to understand the coping 
mechanism to low temperature in insects with narrow temperature ecological amplitude during developmental stage and the adverse effects of low temperature on them.

【Aim】 This study aims to provide the basis at the protein level for exploring the mechanism of nutrient digestion and absorption in termites by comparing the differences in protein composition and expression in the fore-midgut and hindgut contents of Reticulitermes perilucifugus workers fed with diets with different lignocellulose contents. 【Methods】 R. perilucifugus workers were fed with three diets (pine, straw and filter paper) with different lignocellulose contents. The proteins in contents of different parts of their gut were analyzed by two dimensional (2D) electrophoresis, and the differiential proteins were sequenced and bioinformatically analyzed by MALDI-TOF/MS. 【Results】 The results of 2D electrophoresis showed that the number of visible protein spots in the fore-midgut of R. perilucifugus workers fed with the same diet was significantly higher than that in the hindgut, while those in the fore-midgut and hindgut of workers fed with pine were the highest, those in the fore-midgut and hindgut of workers fed with filter paper followed, and those in the fore-midgut and hindgut of workers fed with straw were the least. The sequencing results of 115 protein points showed that the mainly differential proteins between the fore-midgut and hindgut were proteins with catalytic activity including enzymes related to amino acid metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, carbon metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, TCA cycle, glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and cellulose degradation and proteins involved in cellular components and signal transduction. 【Conclusion】 The differential proteins in the gut of R. perilucifugus workers fed with different diets are 
mainly proteins with catalytic activity, and proteins involved in cell composnents and signal transduction, indicating that different diets affect the composition of intestinal proteins of R. perilucifugus. These results provide data for revealing the degradation mechanism of lignocellulose in termites.

【Aim】 The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a newly invaded devastating pest in China, causing severe damage to tomatoes. However, the current status of insecticide resistance in newly invaded T. absoluta populations in China has not been reported. The objective of this study is to clarify the susceptibility of the field populations of T. absoluta from Xinjiang and Yunnan to six commonly used insecticides and its relationship with the activities of detoxification enzymes. 【Methods】 Laboratory toxicities of six frequently used pesticides to the 2nd instar larvae of Xinjiang and Yunnan populations of T. absoluta were tested by using leaf-dip method. The synergistic effects of three synergistic agents including the  CYP450 inhibitor piperonyl butoxide (PBO), the esterase inhibitor triphenyl phosphate (TPP) and the GST inhibitor diethyl maleate (DEM) on chlorantraniliprole were determined in the bioassay against the 2nd instar larvae of T. absoluta, and the activities of detoxification enzymes including cytochrome P450-dependent monooxygenase (CYP450), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE) in the 2nd instar larvae of the laboratory susceptible population and resistant field population (Xinjiang population) of T. absoluta were determined by enzyme activity assay, to ascertain the relationship of insecticide resistance with detoxification enzyme activities. 【Results】 The susceptibility of Yunnan population of T. absoluta to the six insecticides from high to low was emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, spinosad, indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, and beta-cypermethrin, while that of Xinjiang population to the six insecticides from high to low was emamectin benzoate, chlorfenapyr, chlorantraniliprole, spinosad, indoxacarb, and beta-cypermethrin. Compared with the laboratory susceptible population, both Yunnan and Xinjiang populations showed the highest level of resistance to chlorantraniliprole, with the resistance ratios of 212.7 and 169.3, respectively. The bioassay results revealed that the three synergistic agents PBO, TPP and DEM showed no obvious synergistic effect on chlorantraniliprole. The enzyme activity assays showed that the activities of CYP450, GST and CarE in the 2nd instar larvae between the laboratory susceptible population and resistant field population of T. absoluta were not 
significantly different. 【Conclusion】 Both Xinjiang and Yunnan populations of T. absoluta show different levels of resistance to the tested six pesticides, with the highest resistance level to chlorantraniliprole, and the insecticide resistance of T. absoluta is unrelated to the activities of detoxification enzymes. The results of this study provide valuable information for the field control and insecticide resistance management of T. absoluta.

【Aim】 Ecological risk assessment of transgenic crops is a necessary step before large-scale planting. There are hundreds of species of flower visiting insects in ricem(Oryza sativa), including the housefly (Musca domestica). This study aims to assess the potential risk of rice gene flow mediated by flowervisiting M. domestica. 【Methods】 We conducted field experiments with the genetically modified (GM) rice lines B1, B6 and G8-7 as the pollen donors, the parental non-GM rice lines Jiazao 935 and Wuyunjing 7 as the pollen recipients, and M. domestica as the pollinator in Huajiachi and Changxing testing base of Zhejiang University in 2010. All harvested rice offspring seeds were planted in the laboratory and the plants were used for the detection of transgenic hybrids by the hygromycin B and glyphosate treatments, and then the surviving plants were further detected for hygromycin- and glyphosate-resistant genes by PCR to test the gene flow of GM rice mediated by M. domestica. 【Results】 The results based on the examination of over 216 500 geminated seeds from the three GM rice lines in the two testing bases in Zhejiang showed that there were few hybrids, indicating low frequencies (0-0.64%) of transgene flow from GM to non-GM rice at close spacing both in plots with and without M. domestica. 【Conclusion】 It is concluded that the frequency of transgene flow from GM to non-GM rice mediated by M. domestica is low and M. domestica does not increase the risk of gene flow of rice.