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  • Monthly, Founded in 1950
    Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
    The Entomological Society of China
    Domestic postal code: 2-153
    Foreign issuance code: Q61
    ISSN 0454-6296
    CN 11-1832/Q
Table of Content
20 June 2023, Volume 66 Issue 6
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  • RESEARCH PAPERS
    Construction of exogenous DNA delivery system based on ovary-delivering peptide and Gal4-UAS binding property in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)
    YANG Xiao-Lin, LING Xia, SUN Quan, CHEN Jie, XIANG Kai, QIU Pin-Pin, HONG Jun-Feng, YAN Zhen-Tian, WANG Rong, CHEN Bin, QIAO Liang
    2023, 66(6):  723-735.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.001
    Abstract ( 302 )   PDF (8069KB) ( 259 )   PDF（mobile） (8069KB) ( 70 )   　　
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    【Aim】Based on the features that the P2C can be delivered into ovaries and the Gal4 protein can stably bind to the UAS sequence, to establish an efficient non-embryonic exogenous DNA delivery technical system in Anopheles sinensis.【Methods】The recombinant protein P2C-Gal4-DsRed was injected into the abdomen of female adults of A. sinensis at 20 h after sucking blood. The delivery efficiency of the recombinant protein P2C-Gal4-DsRed in the ovaries was analyzed by frozen section fluorescence observation and Western blot. The recombinant P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDING protein was prepared, transgenic plasmid and helper plasmid containing the 12×UAS repeat motif were constructed, and the in vitro binding between the recombinant protein P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDING and 12×UAS repeat motif was analyzed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The complexes P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDING recombinant protein+helper plasmid ITF36-12×UAS and P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDING recombinant protein+transgenic plasmid ITF2-12×UAS afm incubated in vitro were injected into the abdomen of female adults of A. sinensis at 20 h after sucking blood, and the DNA of their ovaries was extracted at 40 h after a blood meal. The delivery of exogenous DNA in vivo was analyzed by PCR amplification with specific primers and sequencing. 【Results】The ovaries of 100% female adults of A. sinensis injected with P2C-Gal4-DsRed showed obvious red fluorescence under the green filter, indicating that the P2C-Gal4-DsRed recombinant protein could be efficiently transferred into the ovaries of female adults of A. sinensis. The recombinant P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDING protein could stably bind to the 12×UAS repeat motif and the plasmid containing this repeat motif fragment. Exogenous DNA fragments were detected in the ovarian tissues of 91% and 93% of female adults of A. sinensis injected with P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDINGP2C-Gal4+ITF36-12×UAS and P2C-Gal4 DNA BINDING+ITF2-12×UAS afm, respectively. 【Conclusion】The exogenous DNA delivery technical system based on the P2C ovary-delivering peptide and the Gal4-12×UAS binding property was successfully established in A. sinensis. Through this technology platform, DNA molecules such as plasmids can be conveniently, rapidly and efficiently delivered into the ovaries of A. sinensis, laying a foundation for further simplifying genetic operations such as transgene, overexpression and gene knock-in.
    Resistance analysis of the antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 against the pathogenic bacteria of bacterial intestinal disease in Bombyx mori
    WANG Jue, SHEN Dong-Xu, PENG Yun-Wu, QIAN He-Ying, ZHAO Qiao-Ling, CHEN An-Li
    2023, 66(6):  736-746.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.002
    Abstract ( 184 )   PDF (7116KB) ( 131 )   PDF（mobile） (7116KB) ( 11 )   　　
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    【Aim】Bacterial intestinal disease is one of the main diseases of Bombyx mori. The purpose of this study is to explore the inhibitory effects of the broad-spectrum antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 on the pathogenic bacteria of bacterial intestinal disease in B. mori, and to provide references for further use of antimicrobial peptides instead of antibiotics to prevent bacterial diseases in B. mori.【Methods】The expression levels of antimicrobial peptide genes in the midgut of healthy and bacterial intestinal disease-infected individuals of the day-4 5th instar larvae of B. mori were detected by qRT-PCR. The bacterial flora in the midgut of the day-4 5th instar larvae of B. mori infected with bacterial intestinal disease was isolated, and the phylogenetic tree was constructed by maximum likelihood method. The pathogenicity of the eight isolated bacteria and four common pathogenic bacteria of bacterial disease including Enterococcus faecalis, Bacillus bombyseptieus, B. thuringiensis and Serratia marcescens, to the healthy 5th instar larvae of B. mori was determined by feeding method (1×1010 and 1×1014 CFU/mL bacterial suspensions) and puncture inoculation method (2×108 and 2×109 CFU/mL bacterial suspensions). The inhibitory effects of the antimicrobial peptide SAAP-148 on the isolated pathogenic bacteria of intestinal disease and other common pathogenic bacteria of bacterial disease such as B. bombyseptieus were analyzed by agar plate diffusion method.【Results】The expression levels of the detected antibacterial peptide genes of B. mori in the midgut of the day-4 5th instar larvae of B. mori infected with bacterial intestinal disease were significantly up-regulated as compared with those of the healthy individuals, indicating that the antibacterial peptides in B. mori play a certain role in resisting bacterial intestinal disease. A total of eight pathogenic bacterial species (Mammaliicoccus sciuri, Aeromonas hydrophila, Enterobacter cancerogenus, E. bugandensis, E. hormaechei, Citrobacter freundii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and K. variicola) were isolated from the midgut of the day-4 5th instar larvae of B. mori infected with bacterial intestinal disease. The puncture results showed that the eight bacterial species were pathogenic. Among the eight bacterial species, M. sciuri, A. hydrophila, E. cancerogenus and E. bugandensis had strong pathogenicity, and E. hormaechei, C. freundii, K. pneumoniae and K. variicola were less pathogenic. The antibacterial peptide SAAP-148 had in vitro inhibitory effects on the eight isolated pathogenic bacteria and other four common pathogenic bacteria of B. mori bacterial disease, and the inhibitory effect increased with the increase of SAAP-148 concentration.【Conclusion】The antibacterial peptide SAAP-148 not only has obvious inhibitory effects on the pathogenic bacteria that may cause bacterial intestinal disease of B. mori, but also has inhibitory effects on the pathogenic bacteria that cause black chest sepsis, prodigiotic sepsis, bacterial poisoning of B. mori, and E. hormaechei which has produced resistance to ampicillin. SAAP-148 can be used as an ideal antibacterial agent to prevent the occurrence of bacterial disease of B. mori.
    Identification and biological functions of a novel spore wall protein NcER_100148 from Nosema ceranae
    AO Tang-Yan, WANG Jing-Lin, MA Zhen-Gang, ZHOU Ze-Yang
    2023, 66(6):  747-758.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.003
    Abstract ( 87 )   PDF (20553KB) ( 114 )   PDF（mobile） (20553KB) ( 14 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Nosema ceranae is known as the main pathogen of honeybee microsporidiosis and the work focusing on the infection mechanism of N. ceranae was rarely reported. The objective of this study is to prokaryotically express NcER_100148, a candidate novel spore wall protein of N. ceranae obtained by mass spectrometry identification in our previous work, clarify its subcellular localization and preliminarily explore its biological functions. 【Methods】Bioinformatic analysis on the sequence of the previously identified candidate spore wall protein NcER_100148 of N. ceranae was performed by online software. The expression level of NcER_100148 in the midgut of the A. mellifera adults infected with N. ceranae was detected by RT-PCR. The gene fragment of NcER_100148 was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a, and the recombinant protein was induced by IPTG for preparing polyclonal antibody. Western blot was employed to detect the expression level of NcER_100148 in mature spores of N. ceranae. Subcellular localization of NcER_100148 in mature spores of N. ceranae was analyzed by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. Western blot and co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) were then employed to analyze the interaction of the recombinant NcER_100148 with chitin spore coats (CSCs) and the polar tube proteins NcPTP2 and NcPTP3 of N. ceranae, respectively. 【Results】 Sequence analysis result indicated that NcER_100148 of N. cerana has the predicted molecular weight of 12.169 kD, containing an O-glycosylation site, an N-glycosylation site and a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor site. RT-PCR result showed that NcER_100148 began to be expressed in the midgut of A. mellifera adults at 4 d post infection by N. ceranae. Western blot result revealed that NcER_100148 could be expressed on the surface of mature spores and could interact with CSCs of N. ceranae. The subcellular localization result showed that NcER_100148 was localized on the spore wall of mature spores of N. ceranae. The results of Western blot and Co-IP demonstrated that the recombinant NcER_100148 could interact with the polar tube proteins NcPTP2 and NcPTP3. 【Conclusion】NcER_100148 is a novel spore wall protein located on the spore wall of mature spores of N. ceranae. NcER_100148 may play important roles in the construction of endospore, coil and fixation of polar tubes and regulation of infection to the host cells.
    Toxicity and risk assessment of the formulations of seven neonicotinoid insecticides to Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
    YOU Yong, ZHAO Jian-Wei, TANG Bao-Hua, ZENG Zhao-Hua, LUO Feng-Qiu, CHEN Yi-Xin, YANG Feng-Hua, XIE Miao, LIU Xin-Gang, WEI Hui
    2023, 66(6):  759-769.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.004
    Abstract ( 350 )   PDF (1558KB) ( 431 )   PDF（mobile） (1558KB) ( 17 )   　　
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    【Aim】To evaluate the toxicity and ecological risks of the formulations of seven neonicotinoid insecticides to the 7-spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata, so as to provide a reference for scientific use of neonicotinoid insecticides and protection of C. septempunctata.【Methods】The acute toxicity of the formulations of seven neonicotinoid insecticides, including 10% imidacloprid WP, 40% acetamiprid SP, 50% dinotefuran WP, 50% clothianidin WG, 40% imidaclothiz WG, 17% flupyradifurone SL and 25% thiamethoxam WG to the 2nd instar larvae of C. septempunctata was determined by using the method of residual film in glass tube, and the ecological risks of these insecticides were assessed. The solutions of the seven insecticides were prepared according to the maximum recommended field application rate, and sprayed on potted plants in the greenhouse to investigate the larval survival rate of C. septempunctata.【Results】The results of the indoor experiments showed that the acute toxicity of the seven neonicotinoid insecticides to the 2nd instar larvae of C. septempunctata was ranked in a descending order: 40% acetamiprid SP>40% imidaclothiz WG>10% imidacloprid WP>50% dinotefuran WP>50% clothianidin WG>25% thiamethoxam WG>17% flupyradifurone SL. The pot experiment in the greenhouse showed that the larval survival rates of C. septempunctata at 7 d after treatment with the seven insecticides at the maximum recommended field application rate were 10.00%-77.50%, and the highest larval survival rate of C. septempunctata was tested in the treatment with 25% thiamethoxam WG, while the lowest survival rate was observed in the treatment with 40% imidaclothiz WG. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that for a single application, the risk of 40% acetamiprid SP was unacceptable with the hazard quotient value in the farm (HQin) of more than 5, and those of the other pesticides were acceptable with the HQin values of less than 5. The hazard quotient values for crop or vegetable field outside the farm (HQoff crop or vegetable) and for fruit tree garden outside the farm (HQoff fruit tree) of these insecticides to C. septempunctata were less than 5, indicating that the risk is acceptable. After the second spray after 7 d, the risks of 40% acetamiprid SP and 50% dinotefuran WP were unacceptable with the HQin values of more than 5, and those of the other insecticides were acceptable with the HQin values of less than 5. The HQoff crop or vegetable and HQoff fruit tree values of the other insecticides except 40% acetamiprid SP were less than 5, indicating that the risks of these insecticides are acceptable.【Conclusion】Acetamiprid and dinotefuran should not be used twice continuously and be used in rotation in order to avoid harm to C. septempunctata.
    Distribution pattern of the species diversity of rove beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) at different altitudinal gradients in Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan, Central China
    ZHOU Ya-Nan, CHEN De-Sheng, CHEN Jun, HUANG Shi-Yi, SHI Tian-Qi, WANG Xing, YANG Hai-Dong, BAI Ming, HUANG Guo-Hua
    2023, 66(6):  770-778.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.005
    Abstract ( 101 )   PDF (2343KB) ( 386 )   PDF（mobile） (2343KB) ( 8 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Altitudinal gradient has an important impact on the distribution and maintenance of insect species. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for studying the impact of altitudinal gradient on insect distribution by exploring the variation law and distribution characteristics of species diversity of rove beetles at different altitudinal gradients in the reserve.【Methods】From May 2020 to April 2021, three kinds of passive acquisition devices, flight interception trap, Malaise trap and pitfall trap, were used in Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province, Central China to investigate the species of rove beetles at the altitudinal gradients of 500-800 m (Ⅰ), 800-1 100 m (Ⅱ), 1 100-1 400 m (Ⅲ) and 1 400-1 700 m (Ⅳ), and the species diversity, community structure similarity and species abundance of rove beetles at different altitudinal gradients were analyzed using Excel 2016 and past 3.【Results】From May 2020 to April 2021, we collected and recorded 2 135 rove beetles in Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province, belonging to 9 subfamilies, 45 genera and 111 species, of which the number of species in Staphylininae was the most (25 genera and 63 species), and the numbers of species in Steninae and Oxytelinae were the least (both 1 genus and 1 species). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Mangalef richness index, Berger-Parker dominance index and Pielou’s evenness index of rove beetles were 3.8280, 2.3920, 0.1217 and 0.4140, respectively. There were differences in species diversity indexes of rove beetles at different altitudinal gradients. The species number, individual number, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index of rove beetles at the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ were significantly higher than those at the altitudinal gradient Ⅰ. The species of rove beetles were poor and the dominant species were prominent at the altitudinal gradient Ⅰ, but the community structure was relatively stable. Altitudinal gradient Ⅱ was the transition gradient from low altitude to medium altitude. The species of rove beetles were rich, the community structure was complex, the dominant species were prominent and concentrated, and the community structure was relatively unstable at the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ. The species of rove beetles at the altitudinal gradient Ⅳ were relatively poor as compared with those at the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ. The similarity coefficient between the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ and altitudinal gradient Ⅳ was the highest, showing medium similarity, while those between other altitudinal gradients showed medium dissimilarity.【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that there are great differences in the distribution characteristics of rove beetles among different altitudinal gradients. Rove beetle species are poor and the community structure is single in low altitude areas. The medium altitude area is rich in rove beetle species, and has complex community structure and prominent dominant species. Compared with the medium altitude area, the high altitude area is relatively poor in rove beetle species. The similarity coefficient of rove beetle species between the medium-high altitude area and the high altitude area is the highest.
    A staged adaptation of the specialized feeding Hycleus cichorii (Coleoptera: Meloidae) larvae to the non-preferred food (In English)
    FU Zhao-Hui, LIU Chang-Hua, DU Chao
    2023, 66(6):  779-786.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.006
    Abstract ( 104 )   PDF (804KB) ( 176 )   PDF（mobile） (804KB) ( 20 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Blister beetles belonging to the family Meloidae within the order Coleoptera, are a series of resource insects with great medicinal value. The larval oligophagous and specialized feeding on locust eggs severely restricts their artificial rearing and the utilization and development of cantharidin. The larval obsession for food was universally acknowledged and proven by many studies, but we found through our rearing experiences that their feeding specialization gradually decreases during the whole larval stage. 【Methods】We conducted a large-scale rearing experiment and physiological and ecological analyses, determined the larval survival rate, pupation rate, adult eclosion rate, dry weight of mature larvae, growth amount, larval growth rate, larval duration, pupal duration, and number of eggs laid per female of Hycleus cichorii from various treatment groups (substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars, i.e. 1st-4th instar groups, respectively) and the control group (fed with locust eggs throughout the larval stage), then compared the growth, development and adult reproduction of grouped meloids to verify the feeding adaptation of H. cichorii larvae to the non-preferred food and figure out the adaptive pattern to the nutritional stress. 【Results】After substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet, the 1st instar group had a significantly lower survival rate than the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar groups and the control group, and a zero pupation rate. Moreover, after substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet, the 1st instar group had significantly lower larval growth rate and dry weight of mature larvae, and longer larval duration than the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar groups and the control group. There was no significant difference in the survival rate among the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar groups, but the pupation rate and adult eclosion rate gradually increased with instars increasing. After substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet, the larval growth rate and dry weight of mature larvae increased, and the larval duration shortened with instars increasing. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that the 1st instar larvae of H. cichorii can not adapt to the non-preferred food, while the older instar larvae manifest a stepwise improving feeding adaptation with instars. This study demonstrates that the food specialist H. cichorii larvae possess a staged adaptation to nutritional stress. The detailed pattern of changing feeding adaptability provides theoretical feasibility for the complete artificial rearing of H. cichorii larvae and will contribute to the studies on the artificial rearing and resource utilization of medicinal meloids.
    Detection and recognition of grooming behaviors of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Trypetidae) based on YOLO V7 and TSM model
    LIU Hu, ZHAN Wei, HE Zhang-Zhang, TANG Jian-Tao, JIANG Zhen-Yu, SUN Yong
    2023, 66(6):  787-796.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.007
    Abstract ( 198 )   PDF (10012KB) ( 274 )   PDF（mobile） (10012KB) ( 17 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Statistical analysis and study of insect grooming behaviors are important for pest control and human health. In view that the traditional method of manually recording grooming behaviors is time-consuming and error-prone, we proposed a computer vision and deep learning-based method for the detection and recognition of grooming behaviors of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. 【Methods】 First, we processed the B. dorsalis video data to obtain frame images, and screened 3 000 images as the training dataset. We built the YOLO V7 target detection algorithm to detect B. dorsalis target in video data, and framed the target and cropped it by video processing algorithm. Finally, we migrated the pre-training weights to the training model by transfer learning method, and recognized seven grooming behaviors (foreleg grooming, head grooming, fore-midleg grooming, mid-hindleg grooming, hindleg grooming, wing grooming and stationary) of B. dorsalis using the temporal shift module (TSM) deep learning model based on non-local attention improvement. 【Results】 The accuracy and recall rate of the original video of the B. dorsalis dataset trained by YOLO V7 target detection algorithm were 99.2% and 99.1%, respectively. Applying this research algorithm to process the video dataset, and then recognizing and counting grooming behaviors through an improved TSM model based on the non-local attention module, we got the final average accuracy of over 97% with a standard deviation of less than 3%. Compared with the other four deep learning models (I3D, R2+1D, SlowFast and Timesformer), this research method had a ~9.76% improvement in accuracy, ensuring the accuracy of B. dorsalis grooming behavior detection and recognition. 【Conclusion】 The method proposed in this study greatly reduces the time of manual observation, and ensures the accuracy of grooming behavior recognition of B. dorsalis, providing new ideas and methods for researching insect behavior and contributing to the modern development of intelligent agriculture.
    Effects of cold storage of the 7-day-old pupae on the biological characters of Chelonus formosanus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)
    WANG Lu-Chao, LIN Zhu-Feng, JIA Jing-Jing, JI Xun-Cong
    2023, 66(6):  797-804.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.008
    Abstract ( 90 )   PDF (1679KB) ( 258 )   PDF（mobile） (1679KB) ( 7 )   　　
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    【Aim】Chelonus formosanus is an important parasitic natural enemy of a variety of lepidopteran pests. This study aims to identify and screen the suitable cold storage conditions of C. formosanus to extend its shelf life.【Methods】After the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at 5, 9 and 13 ℃ for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 d, respectively, the adult emergence rates, adult longevity, numbers of eggs laid by female adults in 24 h and adult parasitism rates, and adult emergence rates, proportions of females and adult longevity of progeny were observed and compared.【Results】When the 7day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at different low temperatures, the adult emergence rates and adult longevity decreased with the extension of storage time. At the same storage time except 5 d, the adult emergence rate showed an upward trend with the increase of temperature, and the adult emergence rate in the cold storage group at 13 ℃ was significantly higher than those in the cold storage groups at 5 and 9 ℃. Under the storage conditions of 9 and 13 ℃, with the extension of storage time, the number of eggs laid by female adults in 24 h showed a downward trend. After the 7-day-old pupae were stored at 9 ℃ for 10 and 15 d, the adult parasitism rates were significantly lower than that of the control group (stored at 24 ℃), and the adult parasitism rates between the other cold storage treatments and the control group showed no significant difference. When the 7-day-old pupae were stored at 5 ℃ for 5 d, the proportion of females of progeny was the lowest (only 35.27%). When the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at 13 ℃, the proportion of females of progeny showed no significant difference from that of the control. When the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at different low temperatures, the adult emergence rate and adult longevity of progeny did not differ significantly from those of the control group.【Conclusion】It was recommended that the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus should be stored at 13 ℃ for no more than 15 d.
    Morphological characteristics and nesting behavior of Trypoxylon melanocorne (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae)
    HU Jun-Jie, FANG Quan-Bo, WANG Xiang, SUN Kai-Li, LIU Xiao-Yu, HE Chun-Ling
    2023, 66(6):  805-815.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.009
    Abstract ( 181 )   PDF (14139KB) ( 181 )   PDF（mobile） (14139KB) ( 8 )   　　
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     【Aim】 As carnivorous insects preying on spiders, different species of Trypoxylon possess obviously different nesting strategies. This study aims to clarify the morphological characteristics and nesting behavior of T. melanocorne, so as to reveal the nesting and survival strategies of Trypoxylon. 【Methods】Man-made nest-trap boxes were set up by choosing different habitats in the Yugong Forest Farm and Nanshan Forest Farm in Jiyuan City, Henan Province, Central China from 2019 to 2020, and then the trap-nests that were nested by T. melanocorne adults were regularly collected. The internal structure data of the trap-nests were measured by dissecting trap-nests, and the development of offspring was observed and the parasitic enemies were collected in the laboratory. 【Results】 A total of 111 trap-nests nested by T. melanocorne adults were collected in the Yugong Forest Farm and Nanshan Forest Farm in Jiyuan City, Henan Province during 2019-2020, and 511 brood cells were dissected. The average number of eggs laid by females in a single trap-nest was 4.60±2.39 grains, and the majority of offspring was female (female to male ratio=2∶1). The average length of nests and length of brood cells were (123.38±46.45) and (16.01±5.57) mm, respectively. The numbers of intercalary cells and nests with vestibular cells accounted for 5.04% and 6.09%, respectively, of the total number of cells. The number of brood cells was significantly affected by the length of nests, and the length of cells of females was significantly longer than that of males. Two parasitic enemies of T. melanocorne, Trichrysis pellucida (Chrysidoidae) and Amobia quatei (Sarcophagidae) were found, with the parasitism rates of 196% and 1.57%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that the population size of T. melanocorne distributed in the two forest farms in the southern Taihang Mountains, Henan Province is small, female progeny are more numerous than males, and one of the reasons for the small population size probably is low adult eclosion rate and sex ratio imbalance.
    Structural characteristics and seasonal dynamics of ground-dwelling ant communities in three habitats in Lishui District, Nanjing, East China
    GUO Zong-Lin, JIANG Fu-Guo, WANG Ya-Lu, CHEN Xiao-Yi, WANG Guo-Bing
    2023, 66(6):  816-824.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.010
    Abstract ( 256 )   PDF (1393KB) ( 137 )   PDF（mobile） (1393KB) ( 17 )   　　
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    【Aim】To investigate the diversity and seasonal dynamics of ground-dwelling ant communities in three habitats in Lishui District, Nanjing, East China.【Methods】A one-year seasonal sampling was conducted from August 2020 to July 2021 in three different sampling habitats (farmland, grassland and plantation forest) in Lishui District, Nanjing, and the individual density, species number, Simpson dominance index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou’s evenness index and Jaccard similarity coefficient of grounddwelling ant communities, and the seasonal dynamics of each index in these three habitats were investigated.【Results】During August 2020 to July 2021, the dominant species of ground-dwelling ants in farmland in Lishui District, Nanjing were Tetramorium caespitum (490 individuals, 58.75%), Ochetellus glaber (116 individuals, 13.91%) and Formica japonica (98 individuals, 11.75%), those in grassland were T. caespitum (427 individuals, 58.17%) and Nylanderia bourbonica (110 individuals, 14.99%), and those in plantation forest were T. caespitum (240 individuals, 27.18%), F. japonica (121 individuals, 13.70%), N. sharpii (98 individuals, 11.10%) and Pristomyrmex punctatus (90 individuals, 10.19%). The numbers of species and individuals in ground-dwelling ant communities varied significantly between habitats, with the highest numbers of species and individuals (29 species, 883 individuals) collected from plantation forest and the lowest numbers of species and individuals (19 species, 734 individuals) collected from grassland. The analysis of variance showed that seasonal changes had a significant effect on the number of species and individual density of ground-dwelling ants in this region, while habitat changes had a significant effect on the number of species and no significant effect on the individual density, but there was no interactive effect of both seasonal and habitat changes on the number of species and individual density of ground-dwelling ants in this region. The analysis of community diversity showed that the seasonal trends in the Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Pielou’s evenness index and Simpson dominance index of the ground-dwelling ant communities in the three different habitats were basically the same, with an increasing trend followed by a decreasing trend, while the seasonal trends of the Simpson dominance index and Pielou’s evenness index were basically opposite. The Jaccard similarity coefficients of the ground-dwelling ant communities between farmland and grassland, farmland and plantation forest, and grassland and plantation forest were 0.73, 0.52 and 0.52, respectively, which were moderately similar to each other, while those of the grounddwelling ant communities between different months were low, and most of them were extremely dissimilar. 【Conclusion】The numbers of individuals and species in the ground-dwelling ant communities in Lishui District, Nanjing are relatively rich, and the structure of the ground-dwelling ant communities is significantly influenced by habitat type changes and seasonal changes, so attention should be paid to strengthen the protection of ant species resources in the region in different seasons.
    Sequencing and analysis of the complete mitochondrial genome of Campsiura mirabilis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
    HU Li, YANG Lin, TIAN Tian, CHEN Bin
    2023, 66(6):  825-834.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.011
    Abstract ( 112 )   PDF (3019KB) ( 375 )   PDF（mobile） (3019KB) ( 8 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To sequence and analyze the complete mitochondrial genome (mtgemome) of Campsiura mirabilis, and to discuss the phylogenetic relationship of the family Scarabaeidae based on mtgenome sequences. 【Methods】 The whole mtgenome of C. mirabilis was firstly sequenced on the Illumina Hiseq X Ten platform, and the gene structure characteristics and base composition of the C. mirabilis mtgenome were analyzed. Combined with the 54 mtgemome sequences published in GenBank, the selection pressure of protein-coding genes (PCGs) in the mtgenome of 55 species in Scarabaeidae was analyzed. The phylogenetic tree of Scarabaeidae was constructed with Lucanus mazama in Lucanidae as the outgroup based on PCG and rRNA gene sequences using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. 【Results】 The full-length of the C. mirabilis mtgenome (GenBank accession no.: MT548771) is 16 123 bp, including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a Dloop region (control region), without gene rearrangement. All the 22 tRNA genes show the typical cloverleaf secondary structure except for the absence of DHU arm of trnS1. The base composition of the mtgenome of C. mirabilis shows a higher AT content with the positive AT-skew and negative GC-skew. The Ka/Ks values of PCGs of Scarabaeidae are all less than 1, indicating that all of these 13 PCGs have experienced purifying selection. The phylogenetic relationship in Scarabaeidae based on the sequences of the 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes was: ((Aphodiinae+Scarabaeinae)+(Melolonthinae+(Cetoniinae+(Rutelinae+Dynastinae)))). 【Conclusion】 In this study we sequenced and analyzed the mtgenome of C. mirabili, and analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of Scarabaeidae. Our results indicate that the subfamilies of Scarabaeinae, Cetoniinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Melolonthinae are monophyletic groups.
    REVIEW ARTICLES
    Research progress of behavioral manipulation techniques of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
    LI Xiao-Wei, YI Song-Wang, CHEN Li-Min, CHENG Jiang-Hui, ZHOU Shu-Xing, LV Yao-Bin
    2023, 66(6):  835-848.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.012
    Abstract ( 170 )   PDF (2107KB) ( 384 )   PDF（mobile） (2107KB) ( 28 )   　　
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    The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a worldwide devastating pest on tomatoes. This insect pest invaded China in 2017 and showed a trend of spread, posing a serious threat to tomato production in China. Unreasonable use of insecticides for control of this insect pest has led to the increasing level of resistance and the decrease of control efficacy. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop novel green control technologies. Physical control trapping technique and olfactory behavior manipulation technique are important components of the integrated pest management program. In this article, the research progress of physical control trapping (light traps and color traps) and olfactory behavior manipulation (sex pheromone and plant volatiles) in T. absoluta were summarized. Color significantly affects the trapping efficiency of pheromone traps and sticky color traps. White, black and blue traps attract more T. absoluta adults in the field. The black light traps and LED traps with the wavelength of 470 nm have the best trapping efficiency on T. absoluta, and also have synergistic effects on sex pheromone. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta includes the major component (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrienyl acetate and the minor component (3E, 8Z)-tetradecadienyl acetate, in a ratio of ~9∶1. The optimal trapping blend for mass trapping is (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrienyl acetate and (3E, 8Z)-tetradecadienyl acetate in a ratio of 95∶5, and delta traps with sex pheromone lure show the highest trapping efficiency in comparison with other trap types. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta has been widely used for monitoring, mass trapping and mating disruption. Plant volatiles and traditional food attractant volatiles affect the host selection and oviposition of T. absoluta. Octyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde+acetic acid blend, acetic acid+3-methyl-1-butanol blend, and a blend consisting of limonene, β-ocimene, α-terpinene, δ-elemene and (E)-β-caryophyllene show attractive activities to T. absoluta. p-Quinone, 2-carene, d-curcumene and 1,2-diethylbenzene in tomato can serve as oviposition stimulants to T. absoluta. By contrast, 1-fluorododecane, caryophyllene, curcumene, elemene, humulene, zingiberene, tridecan-2-one, undecan-2-one, (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate and methyl salicylate have adverse effects on host selection, oviposition or growth and development of T. absoluta. Finally, current problems of behavioral manipulation techniques of T. absoluta, such as unclear mechanisms, unstable effects, and lack of combined application technology with other green control strategies, were discussed, and potential research directions were prospected, which will provide a reference for the development of green control technologies based on insect behavioral manipulation in this pest.
    Advances in research and application of sex pheromones of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
    LIANG Yong-Xuan, WANG Qi-Jing, GUO Jian-Yang, WANG Yu-Sheng, ZHANG Yi-Bo, YANG Nian-Wan, ZHANG Gui-Fen, ZHOU Qiong, LIU Wan-Xue
    2023, 66(6):  849-858.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2023.06.013
    Abstract ( 232 )   PDF (1545KB) ( 401 )   PDF（mobile） (1545KB) ( 29 )   　　
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    The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, is native to South America and a quarantine pest in the world nowadays, which can reduce the yield of the main host crop tomato by 80%-100% in severe cases. In over a decade, this insect pest has invaded and spread from its origin to almost the entire continent of Asia, Africa and Europe, becoming a major threat to the world tomato industry. T. absoluta was discovered in Ili, Xinjiang in 2017 and spread to Yunnan, Gansu and other regions in a short time, greatly threatening the healthy development of the tomato industry and other related agricultural industries in China. Internationally, sex pheromone-based monitoring, mass trapping and mating disruption control have become one of the important  measures to control T. absoluta. In order to study the efficient and environmentally friendly population dynamics monitoring and control technology of T. absoluta, we summarized the research and application status of the sex pheromone in mornitoring, early warning and control of T. absoluta in this article. The females of T. absoluta release sex pheromones to attract males to mate mainly in the morning, and adult mating reaches the peak at 7:00 a.m. In 1995 and 1996, the major and minor components of the sex pheromone released from T. absoluta and their synthetic methods were reported successively. The major and minor components of this sex pheromone are (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrienyl acetate (TDTA) and (3E, 8Z)-tetradecadienyl acetate (TDDA), respectively, which constitute the sex pheromone in a ratio of about 90∶10. Bioassay results revealed that TDTA had a strong attraction to males, which could be further enhanced when its mixture with TDDA was used. In recent years, more efficient and convenient synthetic methods of sex pheromone components have been developed, providing good conditions for their large-scale production and application. At present, the sex pheromone of T. absoluta has been widely used in the control of this insect pest in the world, and good results have been achieved. Among the reported sex pheromone traps commonly used for monitoring and mass trapping this insect pest, the water basin trap and triangle trap are more effective. The common doses of sex pheromone contained in commercial lure core are 0.5, 0.8 and 3.0 mg. For field application, the corresponding trap type and sex pheromone dose should be selected according to the actual situation of habitat and growth stage of crops, damage degree, local natural conditions, etc. In addition, the mating disruption by using sex pheromone is also common in the control of T. absoluta, and its successful application requires a highly enclosed environment. Because sex pheromone has the advantages of high efficiency, safety and environmental protection in the monitoring and control of T. absoluta, its related research results can provide important reference for the sustainable control strategies and measures of this insect pest in China.
    CONTENTS
    Contents of Vol. 66 Issue 6
    2023, 66(6):  859-859. 
    Abstract ( 24 )   PDF (527KB) ( 122 )   　　
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