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  • Monthly, Founded in 1950
    Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
    The Entomological Society of China
    Domestic postal code: 2-153
    Foreign issuance code: Q61
    ISSN 0454-6296
    CN 11-1832/Q
Table of Content
20 June 2024, Volume 67 Issue 6
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  • RESEARCH PAPERS
    Role of apolipoprotein in the feeding, survival and reproduction of Nilaparvata lugens (Hemiptera: Delphacidae)
    FU Jian-Mei, ZHAO Zhi-Chang, DAI Hong-Yan, LI Jing, FANG Ji-Chao, JI Rui
    2024, 67(6):  729-737.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.001
    Abstract ( 124 )   PDF (1777KB) ( 212 )   　　
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    【Aim】The apolipoprotein (apoLp) plays an important role in achieving the physiological functions in animals, but how it affects the growth and development of rice planthoppers remains unknown. Our study aims at investigating the role of apoLp in the feeding, survival and reproduction of Nilaparvata lugens. 【Methods】The full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequence of NlapoLp was obtained based on the genome from N. lugens, and its protein sequence was analyzed. The cluster analysis between NlapoLp and homologous sequences from other insect species was conducted using neighbor-joining method. The expression levels of NlapoLp in different developmental stages (egg, 1st-5th instar nymphs, and newly emerged short-winged female and male adults), and different tissues (head without salivary gland, salivary gland, midgut, fat body and ovary) of the short-winged female adults were analyzed using RT-qPCR. After RNAi by microinjection of dsNlapoLp into the 3rd instar nymphs of N. lugens, the expression level of NlapoLp was determined using RT-qPCR. Then the amount of honeydew secreted per female adult, nymphal survival rate and number of eggs laid per female adult of N. lugens on host rice were investigated after RNAi on insects at different developmental stages. 【Results】 Analysis of sequence features revealed that NlapoLp contains one signal peptide and five conserved domains, but has no transmembrane domain. The phylogenetic tree showed that the apoLp orthologs NlapoLp of N. lugens, LsapoLp of Laodelphax striatellus and SfapoLp of Sogatella furcifera shared the closest evolutionary relationships. Additionally, these orthologs also gathered with the apoLps of three other hemiopteran insects (Macrosteles quadrilineatus, Bemisia tabaci and Halyomorpha halys), indicating close relationships among them. RT-qPCR results showed that NlapoLp was expressed in N. lugens at various developmental stages and highly expressed in short-winged female adults. NlapoLp was highly expressed in the midgut, fat body and salivary gland of the short-winged female adults and lowly expressed in other tissues. Microinjection of dsNlapoLp into N. lugens significantly decreased the expression of NlapoLp. After RNAi, the amount of honeydew secreted per female adult, nymphal survival rate and number of eggs laid per female adult of N. lugens on host rice were significantly decreased as compared with those in the control group (dsGFP injection). 【Conclusion】 The apolipoprotein gene NlapoLp is expressed in various developmental stages and tissues of the short-winged female adults of N. lugens, and silencing NlapoLp via RNAi significantly affects the feeding, growth and development, and reproduction of N. lugens. These results lay the foundation for deeply exploring the mechanism of apolipoprotein in rice damage caused by insects, and provide key target for pest effective control.
    Analysis of the adult antennal transcriptome and chemosensory-related genes of Diaphania glauculalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
    DONG Xiang, TAO Yu, SU Zhong-Qi, DENG Chuang-Chuang, XIE Wen-Qi, CHEN Zhi-Yun, WEN Xiu-Jun, LIN Na, MA Tao
    2024, 67(6):  738-752.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.002
    Abstract ( 88 )   PDF (35062KB) ( 179 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to establish the adult antennal transcriptome database of Diaphania glauculalis and mine chemosensory-related genes, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the chemosensory mechanism of adult antenna of D. glauculalis, and green prevention and control technology. 【Methods】 The antennal transcriptome of D. glauculalis adults was sequenced using an Illumina NovaSeq 6000 platform. The raw data were edited using Trimmomatic and Trinity and assembled to obtain transcriptome data. The transcriptome data were compared to CDD, KOG, COG, NR, NT, PFAM and KEGG databases to obtain gene annotation information and identify the chemosensory-related genes. The expression levels of the chemosensory-related genes were assessed using TPM (transcripts per million). The phylogenetic tree of the chemosensory-related genes of D. glauculalis was constructed using the maximum likelihood method. 【Results】A total of 52 705 124 unigenes were obtained from the male adult antennal transcriptome of D. glauculalis and 55 391 610 unigenes from the female adult antennal transcriptome. By comparing the annotation with NR database, 24 192 unigenes were annotated, among them, the most (10 679) homologous sequences were from Ostrinia furnacalis. There were 14 313 unigenes annotated to 204 289 GO functional entries, including 113 387 unigenes annotated to biological processes, 70 115 unigenes annotated to cellular components, and 20 787 unigenes annotated to molecular functions. There were 10 721 unigenes annotated to 11 968 functional entries in 25 classifications of the KOG database. There were 12 892 unigenes annotated to five categories of metabolic pathways in the KEGG database, attributed to 33 pathways, with the largest number of unigenes (1 500) annotated to signal transduction pathways. A total of 136 chemosensory-related genes were identified, including 31 odorantbinding protein (OBP) genes, 24 chemosensory protein (CSP) genes, 50 odor receptor (OR) genes, 20 ionotropic receptor (IR) genes, nine gustatory receptor (GR) genes and two sensory neuron membrane protein (SNMP) genes. 【Conclusion】 In this study, we constructed the antennal transcriptome database of D. glauculalis adults for the first time, and elaborated the types and number of chemosensory-related genes. This study lays the molecular foundation for the functional analysis of chemosensory genes of D. glauculalis and olfactory sensory mechanism, and then provides theoretical support for the development of new green control technologies based on insect olfactory sensory mechanism.
    Analysis of the sublethal effects of emamectin benzoate on Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) based on the age-stage, two-sex life table
    ZHANG Bing-Chuan, LIAO Qi, ZHANG Shi-Yan, HE Shu-Lin, QIAO Liang, ZHOU Cao
    2024, 67(6):  753-765.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.003
    Abstract ( 123 )   PDF (4560KB) ( 205 )   PDF（mobile） (4560KB) ( 8 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Emamectin benzoate (EMB) is a novel antibiotic bio-derived insecticide and highly efficient in controlling lepidopteran pests. This study aims to investigate the sublethal effects of EMB on the rice pest of Hemiptera, Sogatella furcifera. 【Methods】 Using rice stem-dipping method, we first determined the LC10, LC25 and LC50 values of EMB against the 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera reared for 72 h on the rice seedlings treated with EMB at different concentrations. The 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera were reared on rice seedlings treated with EMB at the LC10, LC25 and LC50 concentrations for 48 h through the rice stem-dipping method. The female adult longevity and the number of eggs laid per female of the F0 generation were determined. The duration of egg and the 1st-5th instar nymphs, adult longevity, pre-adult duration, total developmental duration, adult pre-oviposition period, adult total preoviposition period, and the number of eggs laid per female of the F1 generation were counted to construct the age-stage, two-sex life table. The population dynamics of S. furcifera were predicted in 60 d by using Timing-MSChart software. 【Results】 The LC50, LC25 and LC10 values of EMB against the 3rd instar nymphs of S. furcifera were 0.831, 0.222 and 0.068 mg/L, respectively, at 72 h after treatment. In the F0 generation, S. furcifera female adults treated with EMB at the concentrations of LC10, LC25 and LC50 had reduced average longevity by 7.19%, 24.81% and 34.21%, and decreased number of eggs laid per female by 22.24%, 31.22% and 41.53%, respectively, compared with the control group. EMB at the LC25 concentration significantly prolonged the 5th instar female nymphal duration of the F1 generation and EMB at the LC50 concentration significantly prolonged the male adult longevity and total developmental duration of the F1 generation compared with the control group. EMB at the LC25 and LC50 concentrations significantly prolonged the adult pre-oviposition period and total pre-oviposition period of the F1 generation of S. furcifera, and significantly reduced the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) of the F1 generation compared with the control group. EMB at the LC50 concentration significantly decreased the net reproductive rate (R0) of the F1 generation and EMB at the LC25 concentration significantly prolonged the mean generation time (T) of the F1 generation compared with the control group. The three sublethal concentrations (LC10, LC25 and LC50) of EMB significantly inhibited the population growth of S. furcifera. 【Conclusion】Sublethal concentrations of EMB have significant impacts on the longevity and fecundity of S. furcifera adults, and can decrease the population size of their offspring. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the field control of S. furcifera in agriculture.

    Damage and repair of the nano-sized brochosomal protection layer on the surface of the adults of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae)
    QU Zheng, YANG Guang, YANG Xiao-Hong, LIN Mei-Zhen
    2024, 67(6):  766-777.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.004
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (5834KB) ( 67 )   PDF（mobile） (5834KB) ( 1 )   　　
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    【Aim】Brochosomes, which are nano particles covering on the body surface of the adults of the tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii, can avoid the stickness of their own sticky exudates and the permeability of insecticide droplets. In this study, we tried to explore the methods to damage the brochsomal protedion layer, to analyze the rhythm of brochosome secretion and the repairing behaviors of E. onukii adults after damage to the brochosomal protection layer, and to observe the micromorphology of the brochosome-anointing organ, so as to clarify the specific characteristics of repairing the nano-sized brochosomal protection layer of E. onukii adults.【Methods】 E. onukii adults were treated with water spraying, powder injection and a high-humidity condition, and insecticide spraying (0.05 mg/L bifenthrin) with different surfactants (0.2% detergent, 0.5% Tween-80, and 0.05% organosilicon adjuvant Silwet 618). The damage effects of these treatments on the brochosomal integument of adults were observed by the indicator-plaque method and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adults were sprayed and the single wing was smeared with organosilicon adjuvant (Silwet 618) solution as damaged treatments, with untreated adults as the control. The frequency of white brocosomal spots was recorded by a pohotographic microscopy and the rhythm of brochosome secretion was analyzed by the frequencies of white brochosomal spots. The brochosome-anointing behaviors were analyzed by the Vegas software. The location of the brochosome-anointing organ was verified by the organ-ablated method, and the microstructures were observed by SEM. 【Results】The brochosomal protection layer of E. onukii adults was not damaged by the treatments with water spraying, powder injection and a high humidity condition, while obvious plaques on the adult wings were caused by the spraying with insecticide plus organosilicon adjuvant (Silwet 618) solution. The SEM images showed that brochosomes were agglomerated with residual adjuvants and fell off. The interval time of brochosome secretion in the organosilicon adjuvant Silwet-sprayed adults was (22.3±1.8) h, which was about 8.0 h shorter than that in the control. Within 5 d post spraying, the frequency of brochosome secretion in the organosilicon adjuvant Silwet-sprayed adults was (8±1) times, which was about 3 times more than that in the control. The vibration frequeny of the forelegs and hindlegs of adults could reach (16.7±2.4) Hz. After the delicate setae row on the ventral side of hindleg tibia was treated with the organablated method, the adults were unable to anoint the brochosomes normally, which might be due to the reverse bending of the hooked apices of delicate setae.【Conclusion】 The organosilicon adjuvant Silwet 618 can damage the brochosomal protection layer on the body surface of E. onukii adults. The adults of E. onukii repair the brochosomal layer by shortening the interval time of brochosome secretion after organosilicon adjuvant treatment. The moving rate of foreleg and hindleg and the normally-hooked apices of the tibia are the key factors to anoint the nano-sized brochosomes in E. onukii adults.
    Effects of five medicinal plants on the selection behavior of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) adults#br# #br#
    GAO Li-Ming, ZHANG Zheng-Bing, LU Ping-Yuan, FU Wei, LI Kai-Long, CHEN Jian-Bin, GAO Yang, LIU Yong, SHI Xiao-Bin, ZHANG De-Yong
    2024, 67(6):  778-787.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.005
    Abstract ( 82 )   PDF (1468KB) ( 135 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To verify the feasibility of medicinal plants and their volatile components in the intervention of the selection behavior of adults of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, and to provide solutions for agricultural pest control. 【Methods】 The Y-type olfactometer was used to determine the selection rates of F. occidentalis adults to three vegetable plants (Solanum lycopersicum, Cucumis sativus and Capsicum annuum), and five medicinal plants (Mentha piperita, Perilla frutescens, Nepeta cataria, Leonurus cardiaca and Ageratum conyzoides). Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to identify the common volatile components in the leaves of the five medicinal plants. A Y-type olfactometer was used to detect the selection rates of F. occidentalis adults to 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μL/mL β-caryophyllene. 【Results】 In the selection behavior test, F. occidentalis adults showed avoidance behavior to all the five medicinal plants, especially showed significant avoidance behavior to P. frutescens and A. conyzoides, with the selection rates of 24.45% and 24.53%, respectively. The common volatile components in the leaves of the five medicinal plants identified by using GC-MS were β-caryophyllene and 2,2′-methylene bis (6-tert-butyl p-cresol). F. occidentalis adults showed no obvious behavioral response to 0.01 μL/mL β-caryophyllene, and showed obvious avoidance behavior to 0.1-100 μL/mL β-caryophyllene. The repellent rates of β-caryophyllene at high concentrations (10-100 μL/mL) could reach about 85% against F. occidentalis adults. 【Conclusion】 The tested five medicinal plants showed a significant repellent effect on F. occidentalis adults, which provides a theoretical basis for understanding the selectivity of F. occidentalis to non-host plants.β-Caryophyllene, a common volatile component in the leaves of the five medicinal plants, can be used as a repellent and botanical pesticide for agricultural control of F. occidentalis.
    Effects of sublethal exposure at low temperature on the two-sex life table parameters of Lasioderma serricorne (Coleoptera: Anobiidae) offspring
    LI Jing, LIU Xiao-Guang, SHI Xiang-Dong, TANG Qing-Bo, LUO Cheng, XUE Fang, CAI Wen, LI Dong-Liang, DING Song-Shuang
    2024, 67(6):  788-796.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.006
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (1864KB) ( 92 )   　　
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     【Aim】 Low temperature is one of the key methods for controlling the important tobacco storage pest Lasioderma serricorne in China, yet the population dynamics and resistance mechanism of L. serricorne to low temperature remains largely unexplored. Examining the sublethal impacts of low temperature exposure on insects could help us understanding their adaptive responses to low temperatures. This study aims to reveal the adaptive capacity of L. serricorne  to low temperature and its population development potential under such conditions by analyzing the life table parameters of L. serricorne  offspring affected by sublethal low temperature exposure. 【Methods】To construct the time-mortality curve, we exposed the last instar larvae ofL. serricorne to -20 ℃ for different time. Using this data, we calculated the lethal time for 10% and 50% mortalities (LT10 and LT50). Later, we constructed the age-stage, two-sex life tables for the survived F1 population by exposing the last instar larvae of the F0 generation of L. serricorne  to -20 ℃ for LT10 and LT50, respectively. 【Results】The LT10 and LT50 values of the low temperature of -20 ℃ to the last instar larvae ofL. serricorne  were 5.32 and 12.84 min, respectively. More than 90% of the F1 individuals originated from the F0 population exposed to -20 ℃ for LT10 and LT50 survived and completed the whole life cycle. No significant differences in the total longevity from egg to adult, female adult longevity, net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (rm) and finite rate of increase (λ) were found between the control population reared at 28 ℃ and the F1 populations from the F0 populations exposed to -20 ℃ for LT10 and LT50. However, compared to the control, exposure of the last instar larvae of the F0 generation to the low temperature of -20 ℃ for LT10 and LT50 significantly reduced the initial life expectancy of eggs and the 1st instar larvae, the 1st instar larval duration and the reproductive value of the whole larval stage of the F1 population, but increased the proportion of males in the F1 population.【Conclusion】Exposure of the last instar larvae ofL. serricorne  to -20 ℃ for LT10 and LT50 leads to decrease in the initial life expectancy and population reproductive rate of the F1 offspring. However, the population structure and the basic life table parameters remain normal. The results indicate thaL. serricorne  larvae have good adaptability to low temperatures, and the surviving individuals can quickly expand the population after undergoing low temperature treatment.
    Effects of exogenous melatonin on the growth, development and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
    ZHANG Hai-Yang, GUO Cheng, ZHANG Ting-Wei, ZHANG Qiang-Yan, LIU Chang-Zhong
    2024, 67(6):  797-805.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.007
    Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (11751KB) ( 154 )   　　
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    【Aim】 As an important physiological signaling substance for photoperiodic signaling changes, melatonin is ubiquitous in living organisms and plays an important role in regulating the metabolic activities, immune activities, antiretroviral activities, and reproductive activities of living organisms. The objective of this research is to clarify the effects of different concentrations of exogenous melatonin on the growth, development and reproduction of Spodoptera frugiperda. 【Methods】 After S. frugiperda larvae hatched within 2 h were fed with artificial diets containing different concentrations (0, 0.02, 0.2, 2 and 20 μg/g) of exogenous melatonin by indoor feeding, the developmental duration, body size and weight changes, ovarian development progress, and adult longevity and fecundity changes of S. frugiperda were observed. 【Results】 When S. frugiperda larvae were fed with the artificial diets containing 0.2, 2 and 20 μg/g of exogenous melatonin, the 3rd-6th instar larval duration and total larval duration were significantly prolonged, and the female pupal duration was significantly shortened, as compared with those in the control (fed with the normal artificial diet). After exposure to 20 μg/g of exogenous melatonin, the total larval duration of S. frugiperda was the longest, prolonged by 2.53 d, as compared with that in the control, and the female pupal duration was the shortest, shortened by 1.67 d, as compared with that in the control. However, all concentrations of exogenous melatonin had no significant effect on the male pupal duration. After treatment with 2 and 20 μg/g of exogenous melatonin, the head capsule width of the 2nd-6th instar larvae reduced significantly, the larval body weight before prepupa and the female and male pupal weight decreased significantly, the adult longevity and oviposition period were significantly shortened, the average number of eggs laid per female and number of eggs laid per female per day were significantly decreased, as compared with those in the control. Under the treatment of 20 μg/g of exogenous melatonin, the average number of eggs laid per female and the number of eggs laid per female per day were the lowest, which decreased by 45.12% and 31.66%, respectively, as compared with those in the control. Anatomical observation of the reproductive system showed that the ovarian developmental rate of the female adults slowed down obviously with the increase of the concentration of exogenous melatonin. 【Conclusion】 Exogenous melatonin at high concentrations has obvious inhibitory effects on the growth, development and reproduction of S. frugiperda, resulting in prolonged developmental duration, decreased body size, body weight loss and decreased fecundity. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for the potential utilization of melatonin in pest management and for the integrated control of S. frugiperda.
    Ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of adults of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and their olfactory responses to odorants
    WANG Xin-Tong, ZHOU Qiong, TIAN Su, ZHOU Kai-Ling, YANG Zi-Qiang
    2024, 67(6):  806-815.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.008
    Abstract ( 71 )   PDF (4774KB) ( 113 )   PDF（mobile） (4774KB) ( 2 )   　　
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    【Aim】 To clarify the ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of adults of the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens, and to explore the olfactory responses of its female and male adults to odorants. 【Methods】 The ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of H. illucens adults was observed by transmission electron microscope. The electroantennogram (EAG) responses and behavioral responses of female and male adults to four odorants including isovaleric acid, lactic acid, ethyl acetate and nonanal were measured by electroantennography and Y-tube olfactometer, respectively. 【Results】 The cuticular wall of trichoid sensilla on the antennae of H. illucens adults exhibited a thick structure devoid of pores, within which nerve dendritic branches were immersed in sensilla lymph. Basiconic bulge with several branches was observed in the cavity of coeloconic sensilla. The cuticular wall of the basiconic bulge displayed a thin composition with pores, within which nerve dendritic branches were immersed in sensilla lymph. EAG test results indicated that all the four odorants tested at various concentrations caused obvious EAG responses of adult H. illucens. The reactions caused by these odorants varied with the change in concentration. Both female and male adults exhibited the strongest EAG response to isovaleric acid, and the relative values of their EAG responses increased as the concentration increased. However, the EAG response of female adults to lactic acid initially increased and then decreased with the concentration increasing, while that of males showed the opposite trend. To the two odorants ethyl acetate and nonanal, the EAG response of female adults initially decreased and then increased with the test concentration increasing, whereas that of male adults showed a different and irregular trend. The behavioral choice test results demonstrated that lactic acid at the concentrations of 0.001-0.1 μg/μL had significant attraction to female adults, and 0.1 μg/μL isovaleric acid had significant attraction to male adults. 【Conclusion】 The trichoid sensilla on the flagellum of antennae of adult H. illucens may function as hygro- and thermo-sensilla, while the coeloconic sensilla on the flagellum might be olfactory sensilla. The antennae of both female and male adults are sensitive to high concentrations of isovaleric acid. Low concentrations of lactic acid and isovaleric acid have attractive effects on H. illucens adults, and could potentially be used as the components of attractants.
    Analysis of the geographic distribution zoning of soil-dwelling termites in China based on environmental factors
    REN Shu-Xin, CAI Qin-Xue, LI Guo-Yong, KONG Yun-Feng, LIU Yin-Zhan, LEI Hong-Jun, SONG Hong-Quan
    2024, 67(6):  816-826.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.009
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (5566KB) ( 92 )   PDF（mobile） (5566KB) ( 2 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Accurately zoning the geographic distribution of soil-dwelling termites in China will provide valuable insights for guiding precise prevention and control measures against termite infestation. This study aims to explore the geographic distribution zoning of soil-dwelling termites in China by using a mathematical model and combining the environmental factors affecting the distribution of soil-dwelling termites.【Methods】 We considered several environmental factors influencing termite distribution including temperature, precipitation, relative humidity and soil pH value, and adopted an iterative local search algorithm (ILS) to develop the zoning model. 【Results】 The ILS zoning model captured the actual distribution of soildwelling termites in China. The model divided the density of soildwelling termites in China into three regions: high-density area (D3), medium-density area (D2), and lowdensity area (D1) from south to north. The northernmost boundary of D3 extends from Nanjing (Jiangsu Province) in the east, passing through Wuhu (Anhui Province), Macheng and Shashi (Hubei Province), Fenggang (Guizhou Province), Yibin (Sichuan Province), and westward to Shangri-La (Yunnan Province). This northern boundary primarily follows the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The northernmost boundary of D2 starts from Yancheng (Jiangsu Province), traverses Fuyang (Anhui Province), Zhumadian (Henan Province), Shangzhou (Shaanxi Province), Chengxian (Gansu Province), and extends westward to Lianting (Sichuan Province). The eastern part of this northern boundary roughly follows the Huaihe River, forming a curved shape with a raised extremity. The northernmost boundary of D1 begins from Dongying (Shandong Province), passes through Handan (Hebei Province), Changzhi (Shanxi Province), Huating and Hezuo (Gansu Province), Yushu (Qinghai Province), and extends westward to Rikaze (Xizhang Autonomous Region). Its northern boundary mainly extends northward along the lower reaches of the Yellow River, forming a curve with a raised center. 【Conclusion】 The geographic distribution of soil-dwelling termites in China has extended beyond the Yellow River, exhibiting a density pattern characterized by higher density in the southern and eastern regions, and lower density in the northern and western regions. From south to north, the soil-dwelling termites in China can be broadly categorized into high-, medium- and low-density areas based on the natural geographical boundaries of the Yangtze River, the Huai River, and the Yellow River.
    Prediction of the potential geographical distribution areas of Gynaephora menyuanensis (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains based on the MaxEnt model
    LIU Yu-Ying, YAN Lin, YU Hong-Yan, MOU Dan, ZHAO Qi-Jun, LING Zhaxijiancuo, GAO Tai-Zhen, XIE Jiu-Xiang
    2024, 67(6):  827-838.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.010
    Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (7190KB) ( 29 )   　　
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    【Aim】 The grassland caterpillar, Gynaephora menyuanensis is an important pest to alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and seriously impedes the development of grassland ecology and animal husbandry. Understanding the actual distribution area and potential habitats of G. menyuanensis in the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains is important for its monitoring and control as well as the protection of grassland ecology there. 【Methods】Based on a large number of field surveys (147 sites), the statistical analysis software IBM SPSS 22.0 was used to screen the environmental factors affecting the distribution of G. menyuanensis, and the ecological niche model MaxEnt 3.4.4 and the geographic information system software ArcGIS 10.8 were applied to predict the range of suitable habitats of G. menyuanensis from 2021 to 2040. 【Results】The main environmental factors affecting the distribution of G. menyuanensis were mean precipitation in September, mean solar radiation in September, and so on. The change trend of suitable habitats of G. menyuanensis in the southern foothills of the Qilian Mountains from 2021 to 2040 indicated a decreasing trend in the area of the highly suitable habitats and unsuitable habitats, and an increasing trend in the moderately suitable habitats and lowly suitable habitats. The AUC ［area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve］ value of the detection model was 0.924, and the simulation results behaved good accuracy. 【Conclusion】The results of this study provide a theoretical reference for clarifying the rules of the geographical distribution of G. menyuanensis and the monitoring and control of this insect. Global climate change provides suitable conditions for the expansion of the habitats of G. menyuanensis, and it is recommended that a “graded response” monitoring and early warning system and a prevention and control model should be constructed according to the potential suitability level of G. menyuanensis to cope with pest infestation.

    A recognition method for female and male pupae of the domestic silkworm, Bombyx mori based on texture features and improved VGG
    SUN Wei-Hong, CHEN Ying, SHAO Tie-Feng, LIANG Man
    2024, 67(6):  839-849.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.011
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (8314KB) ( 111 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Aiming at the low efficiency of manual sorting pupae in silkworm breeding and the susceptibility to subjective factors, a recognition method for female and male domestic silkworm (Bombyx mori) pupae based on texture features and improved VGG was proposed. 【Methods】 The transmission transformation was used to correct the direction of B. mori pupae, and the head and tail images of B. mori pupae were intercepted. Bchannel image was used as the basis of profile extraction. The profile complexity was analyzed by Douglas-Peucker (DP) algorithm to identify and obtain the tail image of B. mori pupae. The background interference was eliminated with a mask and the texture information was enhanced by multi-channel feature fusion image. The Inception module was improved, and the residual network and the improved Inception module were added to the VGG model. The data set was expanded by data enhancement technology, and three kinds of input images and four recognition models were evaluated and compared by using the precision, recall, harmonic average F1-score of the precision and recall, and accuracy as the evaluation indexes. 【Results】 The results showed that the precision, recall and F1-score of the improved VGG model of feature fusion images for female pupae of B. mori were 98.017%, 94.794% and 96.375%, respectively, while those for male pupae were 95.342%, 98.231% and 96.762%, respectively, and the accuracy in identifying female and male pupae of B. mori was 96.580%. The accuracy of the feature fusion image in identifying female and male pupae of B. mori was 18.093% higher than that of the original gray scale image, and the accuracy of the improved VGG in identifying female and male pupae of B. mori was 2.257% higher than that of the original VGG. 【Conclusion】 The recognition method for female and male B. mori pupae based on texture features and improved VGG can reduce the labor time, providing a basis for the realization of automatic sorting of female and male pupae of B. mori.
    REVIEW ARTICLES
    Research and application advances of 4-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone in the control of fruit flies
    LIU Xu-Xiang, JI Qing-E
    2024, 67(6):  850-871.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.012
    Abstract ( 44 )   PDF (2094KB) ( 92 )   　　
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     The severity of damage and the resulting economic loss caused by fruit flies are greatly concerned due to their extensive distribution and ability to infest various host species. Consequently, there is a growing sense of urgency to effectively control these pests. Inspection and quarantine, and agricultural, physical, chemical and biological control are common methods of fruit fly pest management. As an effective and environmentally friendly pest management method, lures that can stimulate behavioral response of fruit flies play an important role in the management system of fruit fly pests. According to different classification criteria, fruit fly lures can be divided into sex, food and plant origin lures. They can also be divided into male and female (double sex) fruit fly lures. Among them, the male fruit fly lures have strong specificity and significant effect. The male fruit fly lure 4-(4-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (cue-lure) was first reported to show notable attraction effect on fruit flies in 1960, and has been used to monitor and trap target fruit flies. When used for investigation and monitoring, cue-lure can be used with different lure wicks and other traps to achieve maximum efficiency. Cue-lure can not only be used alone, but also be mixed with other lures and bacterial solution. In addition, while exerting its basic attraction function, it can also affect the behavior and physiology of target fruit flies and the survival of non-target insects. In this article, we reviewed the research and application advancements in controlling fruit fly pests through the utilization of cue-lure, encompassing aspects such as investigation and monitoring, trapping and killing, attracting and feeding, as well as the impact on non-target insects. Additionally, we also discussed the future prospects of bait station control and automatic pest monitoring, the influence factors of trapping and the role of lures in integrated pest management, aiming to establish a theoretical foundation for the study of fruit fly pest trapping technology.
    Research and application progresses of artifical culture technologies for entomopathogenic nematodes
    TIAN Cheng-Li, ZHANG Jin-Hua, ZHU Feng, HAN Ri-Chou, LI Mao-Hai
    2024, 67(6):  872-884.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.013
    Abstract ( 49 )   PDF (4997KB) ( 90 )   　　
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    Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are specialized parasitic natural enemies of insects, which can search for hosts autonomously and kill insects quickly, and are environmentally friendly and safe as an important class of pest biological control factors with application potential in sustainable pest management. Currently, EPNs have been produced and sold globally as commercialized new bioinsecticidal agents. However, the commercialization of EPNs requires efficient artificial culture technologies. Due to the high degree of specialization of EPNs, a proven artificial culture technology for commercialized EPNs needs to be optimized according to the nematode species. In addition to optimizing existing technologies, new artificial culture technologies need to be developed. In this article, we reviewed the history and current status of research and application of the artificial culture technologies of EPNs at home and abroad, introduced in vivo and in vitro culture technologies in detail, discussed the main factors affecting the yield of EPNs, and emphasized the need to optimize the artificial culture technologies and to reduce the cost of culture. In the future, with the continuous optimization of artificial culture technologies, the commercialization of EPN species can be enriched, while the economic loss of agricultural production can be reduced and the soil environment can be improved, which are of important economic and social value.
    Research advances on social identity recognition mechanisms in social insects
    HE Xu-Jiang, YANG Chen, WANG Yu-Xiang, WANG Run-Biao, WANG Zhi-Ping
    2024, 67(6):  885-896.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.06.014
    Abstract ( 78 )   PDF (18098KB) ( 74 )   　　
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    Insect social identity recognition refers to a biological phenomenon that insects can recognize the identity of other individuals through the perception of various cues, and then establish certain social relationships. Social identity recognition is particularly important for information exchange, defence against natural enemies, social division of labour, and individual and group survival and reproduction of social insects. In this article, social insects such as ants, termites and bees were used as examples to elaborate the mechanism of social identity recognition. Social insects use pheromones as the key cues to realize social identity recognition through olfaction, and also realize social identity recognition through visual observation of individual behaviours from their nest mates or natural enemies. Social insects can also recognize special sound signals and sense seismic waves in the air, which serve as an important basis for their social identity recognition. In addition, previous studies have shown that insect symbiotic bacteria are also involved in the social identity recognition of social insects. In light of the debate on whether social insect identity is formed by nature or nurture, we argued that insects may realize the social identity recognition through a combination of innate inheritance and acquired learning from the aspects of genes, adaptive learning and interaction between genes and environment. Social insects are excellent model organisms for studies on social behaviours of humans and other animals. Therefore, new findings on social identity recognition of social insects can not only expand our understandings on their biological characteristics, but also provide scientific bases for studies on the evolution of social cognition and various social problems in humans and other animals. The research in the following two aspects should be strengthened in the future: (1) to explore the various recognition methods of social insects and decipher their deeper mechanisms; and (2) to apply modern new computer technology to visualise and analyze the identity recognition behaviour of social insects.
    CONTENTS
    Contents of Vol. 67 Issue 6
    2024, 67(6):  897-897. 
    Abstract ( 48 )   PDF (524KB) ( 73 )   　　
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