【Aim】14-3-3 proteins are a class of regulatory proteins found in eukaryotic organisms, which can be involved in signal transduction, immune response, growth and development, and stress response. The aim of this study is to clone the full-length cDNA sequences of the 14-3-3 genes in Bemisia tabaci MED, and understand the characteristics of the proteins encoded by 14-3-3 genes and the spatiotemporal expression patterns of 14-3-3 genes. 【Methods】 The full-length cDNA sequences of 14-3-3 genes of B. tabaciMED were cloned by RT-PCR, and their biological properties were analyzed by bioinformatics software and online website. RTqPCR was used to determine the expression levels of 14-3-3 genes in different developmental stages (egg, 1st-4th instar nymphs and adult), in adult male and female, and in the head, thorax and abdomen of female adult of B. tabaci MED. 【Results】 Two subtypes of the 14-3-3 gene of B. tabaci MED were cloned and characterized: Bt14-3-3 epsilon(GenBank accession no.: XM_019046102.1) and Bt14-3-3 zeta(GenBank accession no.: XM_019057395.1). The open reading frames (ORFs) of Bt14-3-3 epsilon and Bt14-3-3 zeta were 771 and 744 bp, encoding 256 and 247 amino acids, respectively. The proteins encoded by Bt14-3-3 epsilon and Bt14-3-3 zeta were hydrophilic proteins without transmembrane helical region and signal peptide, and their secondary structure mainly consisted of α-helices. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that Bt14-3-3 epsilon was clustered into one cluster with 14-3-3 epsilon proteins of Nilaparvata lugens, Cimex lectularius and Halyomorpha halys, sharing higher homology, while Bt14-3-3 zeta was more closely related to 14-3-3 zeta of N. lugens. RT-qPCR results showed that Bt14-3-3 epsilon and Bt14-3-3 zeta had higher expression levels in the egg, female adults and abdomen of female adults of B. tabaci MED. 【Conclusion】The full-length sequence, characteristics of the coded proteins and spatiotemporal expression of two subtypes of the 14-3-3 gene of B. tabaci MED have been clarified. The results of this study provide a basis for subsequent studies on the molecular function of 14-3-3 proteins.
Key words: Bemisia tabaci; gene cloning; 14-3-3 protein; bioinformatics; spatiotemporal expression

【Aim】 The effect of changes in food nitrogen content on insects is an important part of predicting the trend of pest population change. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in food nitrogen content on the feeding, nutritional utilization and growth rate of Locusta migratoria. 【Methods】 The 3rd instar female and male nymphs of L. migratoria were fed with the food with the nitrogen contents of 10%, 25%, 40%, 55% and 70%, respectively. Feces and food residues were collected daily, dried and weighed, and the food intake, growth rate and nutritional utilization indexes were calculated. 【Results】The food intake of the 3rd instar nymphs of L. migratoria in the food group with 10% nitrogen content was the most, being 02559 and 02326 g for females and males, respectively. The food intake of the 3rd instar female and male nymphs of L. migratoria was the least (00944 and 0.0766 g, respectively), when they were fed with the food with 70% nitrogen content. With the increase of food nitrogen content, the food intake of female and male nymphs decreased significantly, but the approximate digestibility, efficiency of conversion of ingested food and efficiency of conversion of digested food increased significantly. The growth rate of female nymphs was the highest in the food group with 2.5% nitrogen content. 【Conclusion】 L. migratoria nymphs can compensate for the nitrogen by increasing their intake of lownitrogen food.
Key words: Locusta migratoria; nitrogen; food intake; nutritional utilization; growth rate

【Aim】 This study aims to understand the effects of different land use types on the number of individuals and dominant group of Ichneumonidae and their dynamic change. 【Methods】 From October 2018 to September 2019, the individuals of Ichneumonidae were collected in 2 300 m area in the eastern slope of Cangshan Mountain of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, southwestern China using Malaise trap, and the differences in the biomass, subfamily number, community structure and subfamily diversity of Ichneumonidae between the two habitats were analyzed. 【Results】A total of 2 259 individuals of Ichneumonidae belonging to 23 subfamilies were collected in natural forest and tea garden from the eastern slope of Cangshan Mountain, Dali, Yunnan from October 2018 to September 2019， including 1 551 individuals belonging to 22 subfamilies in natural forest, and 708 individuals belonging to 21 subfamilies in tea garden. The monthly number of individuals of Ichneumonidae in natural forest was higher than that in tea garden, and there was no significant difference in the monthly number of subfamilies of Ichneumonidae between the two habitats. The fluctuation of monthly number of subfamilies of Ichneumonidae in natural forest showed two peaks in June and December, respectively, while that in tea garden showed no peak. The community composition exhibited significant difference between the two habitats. The unique dominant subfamily in natural forest was Anomaloninae and that in tea garden was Phygadeuoninae. Campopleginae and Orthocentrinae were the shared dominant subfamilies in the two habitats. There was no significant difference in the monthly subfamily diversity index and richness of Ichneumonidae between natural forest and tea garden. 【Conclusion】 Therefore, the total number of individuals of Ichneumonidae in tea garden in the low altitude area in Cangshan Mountain reduces, and the community structure, dominant group and annual dynamics of individual number in this habitat change as compared to those in natural forest. In order to protect the biological control insects like Ichneumonidae, it is recommended to protect the original vegetation and land use types.

 Species interaction is a research hotspot in the fields of ecology and biogeography. Ants’ grazing and feeding of hemipteran insects is the most common phenomenon among invertebrates, a reciprocal biological interaction in which nutrients are exchanged for security. It is thought that aphids suck sap from the phloem and xylem of plants through piercing-sucking mouthparts and excrete a sugar-rich waste product called honeydew, which ants collect and use. In exchange, the ants protect the aphids from predators. However, the relationship between ants and aphids is more complex than a simple mutualism. Therefore, in this article the commensal interactions between ants and aphids were reviewed, including (1) the properties of commensal relationships (symbiosis or predation, obligate interaction or facultative interaction), origin, and adaptive evolution of both; (2) information exchange methods for commensal relationships; (3) the impact on the adaptability of both parties; (4) ecological effects (links to biological and abiotic factors); and (5) links with human activities. Finally, a systematic evaluation of the ant-aphid commensal interaction was conducted, and future studies on the diversity investigation, evolutionary biology, molecular mechanisms, interaction networks, and urbanization effects were prospected. This review will contribute to a more comprehensive and specific understanding of the basic properties, evolutionary processes, maintenance mechanisms, ecological effects, and influencing factors of ant-aphid commensal interactions.