Acta Entomologica Sinica

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Monthly, Founded in 1950
Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
The Entomological Society of China
Domestic postal code: 2-153
Foreign issuance code: Q61
ISSN 0454-6296
CN 11-1832/Q

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20 December 2024, Volume 67 Issue 12

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INTRODUCTION

Select Invasive alien insects: Research progress and prospects

DANG Ying-Qiao, WANG Xiao-Yi, HOU You-Ming

2024, 67(12): 1585-1596. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.001

Abstract ( 156 )

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Invasive alien insects, as dangerous pests in newly introduced areas, present challenges such as delayed detection, difficult monitoring, rapid outbreaks and incomplete eradication. These issues have long been the emphases and difficulties in the field of biosecurity worldwide. In this article, we made an overview of the major progress in the studies on the mechanisms of population outbreak and causing disaster, monitoring and early warning technologies, and control measures for invasive alien insects in China. We also summarized and introduced the main contents of this special issue from three aspects: The researches on population dynamics monitoring, mechanisms of insect resistance, and green control technologies for pest insects. Finally, we prospected the development trends of standardization, informatization, intelligence, and greening of monitoring and control of invasive alien insects in the future, and proposed the key directions for future control and management strategies for these pests, in order to promote more efficient, integrated and sustainable control approaches through technological innovation.

RESEARCH PAPERS

Select Functional analysis of ABC transporter genes in the development of resistance to indoxacarb in Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

HU Rong, CHEN Hui-Lin, XU Xiang, LV Jia-Xin, PENG An-Chun, PU Jian, YANG Ji-Zhi, WANG Xue-Gui

2024, 67(12): 1597-1605. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.002

Abstract ( 106 )

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【Aim】The aim of this study is to investigate the biological function of ABC transporter genes in the development of resistance to indoxacarb in Spodoptera frugiperda, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive control of this pest. 【Methods】 Indoxacarb alone and combined with ABC transporter inhibitor verapamil hydrochloride were used to treat the 3rd instar larvae of the indoxacarb-resistant population DC-22 and the indoxacarb-susceptible strain WH of S. frugiperda by the topical application method, and the median lethal concentration (LC₅₀) and the synergistic ratio of verapamil hydrochloride to indoxacarb were calculated at 24 h after treatment. The expression levels of seven ABC transporter genes (SfABCG20, SfABCC2, SfABCF4, SfABCA1, SfABCA5, SfABCG23 and SfABCG9) in the 3rd instar larvae of the indoxacarb-susceptible strain WH and four indoxacarb-resistant populations， including DC-22, CX-22, MY-22 and RH-22, were examined. The highly expressed ABC transporter gene SfABCG23 in response to indoxacarb was silenced through RNAi by injecting dsSfABCG23 into the 3rd instar larvae of DC-22 and WH. The expression level of SfABCG23 was detected by RT-qPCR at 48 h after RNAi, and the mortality was detected at 24 h after exposure to LC₃₀of indoxacarb following RNAi.【Results】Verapamil hydrochloride significantly increased the susceptibility of the indoxacarb-resistant population DC-22 to indoxacarb, with the synergistic ratio of 1.73. The expression levels of SfABCG23 in the 3rd instar larvae of the indoxacarb-resistant populations DC-22 and CX-22 were up-regulated by 2.56- and 4.05-fold, respectively, as compared with that in the indoxacarb-susceptible strain WH, and the expression level of SfABCG23 was significantly positively correlated with the resistance ratio, with the correlation coefficient of 0.941. After dsSfABCG23 injection, the gene silencing efficiency was 65.04% and 39.55%, respectively, in the indoxacarb-resistant population DC-22 and the indoxacarb-susceptible strain WH, and compared with the dsGFP-injected control group, the dsSfABCG23 injection increased the mortality of the 3rd instar larvae of the indoxacarb-resistant population DC-22 and the indoxacarb-susceptible strain WH, by 30.55% and 25.00%, respectively, at 24 h after exposure to indoxacarb. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that ABC transporter genes play an important role in regulating the development of resistance in the indoxacarb-resistant population of S. frugiperda, and the overexpression of SfABCG23 may play an important role in the development of resistance to indoxacarb in S. frugiperda.

Select Cytochrome P450 genes CYP4S47 and CYP332A29 are involved in the tolerance of Hyphantria cunea (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) to chlorantraniliprole

WEI Hong-Yan, ZHANG Cheng-Zhi, SUN Li-Li, CAO Chuan-Wang

2024, 67(12): 1606-1616. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.003

Abstract ( 99 )

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【Aim】 To reveal the functions of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450）genes, HcCYP4S47 and HcCYP332A29, in Hyphantria cunea in response to chlorantraniliprole stress.【Methods】The diets containing LC₃₀ (0.06 mg/L) of chlorantraniliprole were fed to the 3rd instar larvae of the laboratory population, northern population (Tieling population from Liaoning), and southern population (Dawu population from Xiaogan, Hubei) of H. cunea via mixing the pesticide into the diets, and the surviving larvae were collected at 6, 12, 24 and 48 h after feeding treatment, respectively. The CYP450 activity in the 3rd instar larvae of H. cunea was determined. The expression levels of HcCYP4S47 and HcCYP332A29 in the 3rd instar larvae of the three geographical populations after exposure to 0.06 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole were analyzed using RT-qPCR. Additionally, HcCYP4S47 and HcCYP332A29 in the 3rd instar larvae of the three geographical populations were silenced by RNAi technology, and the expression levels of target genes were detected by RT-qPCR after dsRNA injection. The diets containing 0.06 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole were fed to the gene-silenced 3rd instar larvae of the three geographical populations, and the survival rates of H. cunea larvae were recorded at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 h after feeding.【Results】 After exposure to 0.06 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole, the CYP450 activities in the 3rd instar larvae of the northern and southern populations of H. cunea were higher than those in the laboratory population at four treatment time points (6, 12, 24 and 48 h). Specifically, the CYP450 activity in the 3rd instar larvae of the northern population in the chlorantraniliprole treatment group exhibited the highest levels at 24 and 48 h after treatment, while that in the 3rd instar larvae of the southern population in the chlorantraniliprole treatment group peaked at 12 and 24 h after treatment. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HcCYP4S47 and HcCYP332A29 belong to the CYP4 and CYP3 subfamilies, respectively. The expression levels of HcCYP4S47 and HcCYP332A29 were significantly higher in the 3rd instar larvae of the northern and southern populations than those in the 3rd instar larvae of the laboratory population. After exposure to 0.06 mg/L of chlorantraniliprole, the expression levels of HcCYP4S47 and HcCYP332A29 were significantly up-regulated in the 3rd instar larvae of the laboratory population as compared to those in the control group, peaking at 12 h post treatment. The expression levels of HcCYP4S47 in the 3rd instar larvae of the southern and northern populations were significantly down-regulated at 6, 12 and 48 h after chlorantraniliprole treatment, that in the northern population was significantly up-regulated and that in the southern population showed no significant change at 24 h after chlorantraniliprole treatment, as compared to that in the control group. The expression level of HcCYP332A29 in the 3rd instar larvae of the northern population in the chlorantraniliprole treatment group was significantly decreased at 6 and 12 h, but significantly up-regulated at 48 h, as compared to that in the control group. The expression level of HcCYP332A29 in the 3rd instar larvae was significantly decreased at 6 and 12 h after chlorantraniliprole treatment but significantly up-regulated at 48 h after chlorantraniliprole treatment as compared to that in the control group. In the 3rd instar larvae of the southern population, the expression level of HcCYP332A29 was significantly down-regulated at 6 h after chlorantraniliprole treatment, followed by a significant increase at 12 and 24 h. Silencing HcCYP332A29 and HcCYP4S47 increased the susceptibility of the 3rd instar larvae of H. cunea to chlorantraniliprole. 【Conclusion】 HcCYP332A29 and HcCYP4S47 play crucial roles in the response of H. cunea to chlorantraniliprole stress.

Select Evaluation of oviposition deterrent and antifeedant activities of 21 plant essential oils against Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

GUO Yi-Bo, LI Jia-Yi, YANG Bing-Nan, LAN Rui, LUO Hai-Lan, WU Zheng-Wei

2024, 67(12): 1617-1623. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.004

Abstract ( 105 )

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【Aim】 The objective of this study is to investigate the oviposition deterrent and antifeedant effects of plant essential oils (EOs) on a major invasive pest, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, and provide a new method for the green control of this pest. 【Methods】 S. frugiperda collected from a maize field in Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, South China and reared indoors for several generations was used. In the laboratory, the oviposition deterrent activities of EOs from 21 plants (Perilla frutescens, Cupressus funebris, Acorus calamus, Artemisia argyi, Capsicum annuum, Myristica fragrans, Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum, Cedrus deodara, Cinnamomum cassia, Mentha canadensis, Mentha spicata, Litsea cubeba, Melia azedarach, Citrus limon, Camellia sinensis, Cymbopogon citratus, Eucalyptus globules, Cinnamomum camphora and Plectranthus hadiensis) against S. frugiperda adults were investigated using the behavior selection method, while the antifeedant activities of these EOs against the 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda were evaluated using the leaf dish feeding method. 【Results】 At the concentration of 2.5 mL/L, Capsicum annuum EO and Melia azedarach EO had the best oviposition deterrent effects on S. frugiperda adults, with the deterrent rates of 89.13% and 88.83%, respectively. At the concentration of 5 mL/L, Capsicum annuum EO showed the best oviposition deterrent effect on S. frugiperda adults, with the deterrent rate of 100.00%. At the concentration of 10 mL/L, the EOs from Perilla frutescens, Cupressus funebris, Capsicum annuum, Myristica fragrans, Piper nigrum, Allium sativum, Cedrus deodara and Citrus limon showed obvious oviposition deterrent effects on S. frugiperda adults. Piper nigrum EO at the concentration of 2.5 mL/L had the best non-selective and selective antifeedant effects on the 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, with the antifeedant rates of 98.67% and 97.37%, respectively. At the concentrations of 5 and 10 mL/L, Piper nigrum EO also exhibited the best antifeedant effects on the 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda, both with the antifeedant rate of 100.00%. 【Conclusion】 At relatively low concentrations, Cayenne pepper EO and Melia azedarach EO showed highly effectiveness in deterring oviposition of S. frugiperda adults, and Piper nigrum EO showed excellent antifeedant activity against the 2nd instar larvae of S. frugiperda. These plant EOs demonstrated promising application potential in the green control of S. frugiperda.

Select Laboratory insecticidal effect determination and field control efficacy evaluation of ten commonly used insecticides against Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

LIANG Jie, YANG Xiao-Meng, GUO Jian-Yang, CHEN Lai, GUO Jian-Ying, LIU Wan-Xue

2024, 67(12): 1624-1633. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.005

Abstract ( 91 )

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【Aim】 Through laboratory insecticidal effect determination and field control efficacy evaluation, the insecticides with high control efficacy against Tuta absoluta were screened to satisfy the demand for emergency control of this pest in production.【Methods】 T. absoluta larvae collected from tomato plants in the field were reared in the laboratory for more than 45 generations, the effects of 10 commonly used insecticides of seven categories including 5% emamectin benzoate water dispersible granule (WG), 60 g/L spinetoram suspension concentrate (SC) and 5% spinosad SC (antibiotics), 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC (bisamide), 150 g/L indoxacarb emulsifiable concentrate (EC)(oxadiazine), 10% chlorfenapyr SC (pyrroles), 240 g/L methoxyfenozide SC (hormone), 2.5% rotenone EC (botanical source), and 8 000 IU/μL Bacillus thuringiensis SC and 30 billion spores/g Beauveria bassiana wettable powder (WP)(microbial source) on the hatching rates of T. absoluta eggs and the mortality rates of the 2nd instar larvae were determined by indoor egg-dipping method and leaf-dipping method, respectively. In July 2023, five insecticide formulations with strong insecticidal effects on T. absoluta in laboratory bioassay were sprayed to open field tomatoes in Xinjiang, Northwest China to evaluate their field control efficacy against T. absoluta. 【Results】 Laboratory bioassay results showed that the 10 pesticides had different effects on the hatching of T. absoluta eggs, the microbial insecticides 8 000 IU/μL B. thuringiensis SC and 30 billion spores/g B. bassiana WP and the botanical insecticide 2.5% rotenone EC had no significant effect on the hatching of eggs at 7 d after treatment, while the chemical insecticides 240 g/L methoxyfenozide SC, 60 g/L spinetoram SC and 5% emamectin benzoate WG exhibited significant inhibitory effects on the hatching of eggs in 5 d. The 10 pesticides had different lethal effects on the 2nd instar larvae of T. absoluta. Among the chemical pesticides, 60 g/L spinetoram SC showed the highest insecticidal activity against the 2nd instar larvae, causing 100.00% mortality rate at 1-4 d post treatment, and 10% chlorfenapyr SC and 150 g/L indoxacarb EC causing 100.00% mortality rate at 3 and 4 d post treatment, while the botanical insecticide 2.5% rotenone EC and the microbial insecticide 30 billion spores/g B. bassiana WP had lower lethal effects on the 2nd instar larvae during the 4-d treatment. Field experiment results revealed that the control efficacy of the tested five insecticide formulations against T. absoluta was most obvious at 7 d after application. The control efficacy of 60 g/L spinetoram SC, 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC and 10% chlorfenapyr SC against T. absoluta was ranked the top three, being 91.14%, 90.29% and 88.67%, respectively.【Conclusion】 Through laboratory bioassay and field control efficacy evaluation, it was found that 60 g/L spinetoram SC, 200 g/L chlorantraniliprole SC and 10% chlorfenapyr SC at their recommended dosages can be used for chemical control of T. absoluta in tomato production, which can provide guidance for the formulation of comprehensive control plans for T. absoluta and the selection of field control agents.

Select Resistance monitoring and risk assessment of spinetoram in Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

QU Cheng, HUANG Jian-Lei, CHE Wu-Nan, XIE Zhen-Liang, FANG Yong, DENG Qun-Ying, WANG Ran

2024, 67(12): 1634-1642. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.006

Abstract ( 123 )

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【Aim】The aim of this study is to clarify the level of the field-evolved resistance of Tuta absoluta to spinetoram and its potential resistance risk, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the rational use of spinetoram to control T. absoluta and slowing development of its resistance to spinetoram. 【Methods】 The leaf-dipping method was used to determine the resistance levels of 18 field populations of T. absoluta collected from five provinces (municipalities or autonomous regions) in northern China to spinetoram. To assess the resistance risk of T. absoluta to spinetoram, 10-generation consecutive selections with spinetoram were carried out in the spinetoram-susceptible strain of T. absoluta via the leaf-dipping method. After that, the realized heritability (h²) of resistance was calculated using Tabashnik’s method for threhold trait agalysis, and the resistance development rates under different selection pressures were predicted based on the data of selection. 【Results】 Among the 18 field populations of T. absoluta, three populations including the populations from Miyun and Huairou in Beijing, and Baotou in Inner Mongolia, exhibited low-level resistance to spinetoram, with the resistance ratios of 6.7, 6.0 and 7.1, respectively. On the other hand, the other 15 populations of T. absoluta were susceptible to spinetoram. After 10-generation consecutive selections with spinetoram, T. absoluta developed 8.9-fold resistance to spinetoram, with the h2 of 0.1973. It was predicted that under different selection pressures (mortality=50%, 60%, 70%, 80% and 90%), T. absoluta needed 11.56, 9.50, 7.92, 6.60 and 5.23 generations, respectively, to develop 10-fold resistance to spinetoram, and 23.12, 18.99, 1583, 13.19 and 10.47 generations, respectively, to develop 100-fold resistance to spinetoram. 【Conclusion】 Due to the risk of T. absoluta developing resistance to spinetoram, it is essential to strengthen insecticide management in the field and emphasize the rotation with alternative types of insecticides to prolong the lifecycle of this insecticide.

Select Spatio-temporal occurrence patterns of the invasive pest Brontispa longissima (Coleoptera: Hispidae) on Hainan Island, South China and their association with climatic factors

LAI Hui-Keng, CAO Ling-Yi, LI Yao, LI Li-Juan, HE Rong-Xiao, YANG Fan

2024, 67(12): 1643-1651. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.007

Abstract ( 71 )

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【Aim】 This study aims to reveal the impact of the climatic features of Hainan Island, South China on the occurrence patterns of the invasive pest Brontispa longissima, so as to provide a scientific basis for developing effective control strategies. 【Methods】From 2021 to 2023, a monthly survey was conducted on Palmae plants within a 500-m range of expressways and national highways on Hainan Island. The information such as the latitude and longitude of the area of B. longissima infestations, host species, and the number of damaged plants was recorded. The spatio-temporal occurrence patterns of the occurrence area of B. longissima were analyzed by statistical methods, while the influences of ten climatic factors on the occurrence area of B. longissima were explored using the random forest model. 【Results】 The occurrence area of B. longissima had been increasing annually, showing a unimodal pattern within the annual cycle, with the peak occurring in May or June. The damage of B. longissima during the wet season (May to October) was more severe than that during the dry season (November to April of the next year). The damage caused by B. longissima was mainly concentrated in the coastal areas of Hainan Island, with the eastern coastal regions being the most severely affected. According to the climate zone division, the southeastern region had the largest occurrence area of B. longissima. The occurrence area in the northeastern region was larger than that in the southwestern region from March to August, but from September to February of the next year, the occurrence area in the southwestern region exceeded that in the northeastern region. According to the random forest feature importance ranking for the occurrence area of B. longissima and climatic factors, precipitation and relative humidity were the main climatic factors affecting the occurrence area of B. longissima, with the percentages of increase of mean square error (IncMSE%) of 28.14% and 27.39%, respectively.【Conclusion】 The occurrence area of B. longissima on Hainan Island is closely related to climatic conditions, displaying distinct spatio-temporal occurrence patterns. The wet season (May to October) is a critical period for control efforts, with damage reaching its annual peak particularly in May and June. Coastal areas of Hainan Island, especially in the eastern and southeastern climate zones, are the key regions for focus, requiring enhanced monitoring and management. In the northeastern climate zones, emphasis should be paid on the control in spring and summer (March to August), while in the southwestern region efforts should be strengthened during the autumn and winter months (September to February of the next year). This study provides a reference for scientifically formulating regional and seasonal control strategies for B. longissima.

Select Fitness and detoxification enzyme activities of the tetraniliprole-resistant population of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

ZHU Ya-Ting, ZHANG Ya-Meng, LI Ya, GUO Xiao-Jun, ZHANG Run-Xiang, WU Qing-Jun, FENG Yun-Tao

2024, 67(12): 1652-1660. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.008

Abstract ( 70 )

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【Aim】This study aims to clarify the influence of multiple generations of selection with tetraniliprole on the population fitness and detoxification enzyme activities of Tuta absoluta, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of this insecticide. 【Methods】 After T. absoluta was selected with tetraniliprole for 18 generations using spraying method in the laboratory, the toxicity of tetraniliprole to the 2nd-3rd instar larvae of T. absoluta larvae in 48 h was determined by leaf-dipping method, and a tereniliprole-resistant population of T. absoluta was obtained. The fitness of the tereniliprole-resistant population of T. absoluta was evaluated by constructing the two-sex life table, and the activities of mixed-function oxidase (MFO), carboxylesterase (CarE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the 2nd-3rd instar larvae were determined. 【Results】 After 18 generations of laboratory selection, T. absoluta developed 24.60-fold resistance to tetraniliprole. The larval duration, pupal duration, total preoviposition period (TPOP) and mean generation time (T) of the tetraniliprole-resistant population were all prolonged, and the 1st instar larval duration and mean generation time (T) increased significantly by 0.43 and 0.61 d, respectively, as compared to those of the tereniliprole-susceptible population. In addition, compared to the tereniliprole-susceptible population, the tereniliprole-resistant population had decreased intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (λ) and finite rate of increase (R₀). The tereniliprole-resistant population had a relative fitness of 0.90, indicating a survival disadvantage. The activities of GST and MFO in the 2nd-3rd instar larvae of the tereniliprole-resistant population increased significantly, being 1.25 and 1.21 times as high as those of the tereniliprole-susceptible population, respectively, while the CarE activity in the 2nd-3rd instar larvae of the tereniliprole-resistant population showed no significant change as compared with that in the tereniliprole-susceptible population. 【Conclusion】 The resistance of T. absoluta to tetraniliprole increased after selection for 18 generations in laboratory, and MFO and GST might be involved in the development of tetraniliprole resistance. The resistance of T. absoluta to tetraniliprole has a fitness cost for growth and development.

Select Effects of sex pheromones released by active aerosol dispensers on the calling and mating of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and their control efficacy

ZHANG Dan, HUANG Xin-Yang, GANG Shuang, SONG Lu, LI Yan-Hui, ZHANG Wan-Min, MENG Wei, DU Yong-Jun

2024, 67(12): 1661-1670. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.009

Abstract ( 74 )

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【Aim】 To explore the factors affecting mating disruption by sex pheromones of the tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta and achieve higher control efficacy in the greenhouse. 【Methods】The movement distance of female and male adults of T. absoluta was monitored in the laboratory, the mating behavior was observed, the sex pheromones of female adults were extracted by using the solid phase-microextraction (SPME) adsorption method, and the sex pheromone titer in female adults was analyzed. During 2023-2024, mating disruption experiments of T. absoluta were carried out in Bayintai Village, Liaozhong District, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, Northeast China to explore the effects of highdose sex pheromone environment containing E3, Z8, Z11-14∶Ac and E3, Z8-14∶Ac mixture (9∶1, m/m) on the calling and mating behaviors of T. absoluta, as well as their relationship with control efficacy. 【Results】 Under the mating disruption environment using sex pheromones, the male adults of T. absoluta displayed significantly increased movement distance, while the female adults showed no significant change in movement distance. Under the mating disruption environment using sex pheromones, the titer of the sex pheromone E3, Z8, Z11-14∶Ac in female adults of T. absoluta also significantly decreased from (8.4±2.1) ng to (1.5±0.6) ng, and the mating rate of female and male adults significantly dropped from 65.8%±6.0% to 37.3%±4.3%. In the field in Shenyang, Liaoning, the calling behavior of T. absoluta occurred in the early morning, and male adults were trapped using sex pheromones for a total duration of 5 h. In the field, active aerosol dispensers were programmed to begin spraying 3-5 h before the male adult trapping period, releasing pheromones every 6 min. The mating disruption rate after 7 h of spraying in the field reached 92.2%±3.5%, and that after 9 h of spraying was 95.5%±3.0%. The results of evaluation tests in the tomato greenhouse showed that the mating disruption rate was 94.7%±0.63% in the treatment area with sex pheromones released by the active dispensers, and 98.3%±0.26% in the treatment area with sex pheromones released by the passive polyethylene (PE) tubing dispensers. The number of channels damaged by T. absoluta was 4.4±0.5 in the treatment area with sex pheromones released by the passive PE tubing dispensers and 3.5±0.4 in the treatment area with sex pheromones released by the active dispensers, both significantly lower than that in the control group without placing sex pheromone dispensers (12.9±1.7). The number of larvae was 2.8±0.6 in the treatment area with sex pheromones released by the PE tubing dispensers and 1.5±0.4 in the treatment area with sex pheromones released by the active dispensers, both significantly lower than that in the control group without placing sex pheromone dispensers (8.2±1.4). 【Conclusion】 The results of this study demonstrated that high doses of E3, Z8, Z11-14∶Ac and E3, Z8-14∶Ac mixtures released by active aerosol dispensers effectively disrupted the calling and mating behaviors of T. absoluta adults by affecting the movement, sex pheromone titers and mating rate of female and male adults, and were as effective as E3, Z8, Z11-14∶Ac and E3, Z8-14∶Ac mixtures released by commonly used high-density PE tubing dispensers in controlling the larval T. absoluta population.

Select Screening and attractive effectiveness evaluation of foodderived attractants for Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

YI Song-Wang, LI Xiao-Wei, CHEN Li-Min, WANG Jin-Chao, WU Jun-Wei, FU Kai-Yun, GUO Wen-Chao, LV Yao-Bin

2024, 67(12): 1671-1683. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.010

Abstract ( 77 )

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-【Aim】Tuta absoluta is a newly invaded devastating pest on tomatoes in China, and poses a significant threat to tomato production. Olfactory behavior manipulation technique is an important component of the green control techniques of T. absoluta. By exploring the effects of the components of floral scents, tomato plant volatiles and volatiles from traditional food baits (fermented sugar water and sugar vinegar solution) on the behavior of T. absoluta, this study aims to provide a reference for the development of olfactory behavior manipulation technique for this pest. 【Methods】First, the electroantennogram (EAG) response experiments were carried out to assay the EAG responses of the female and male adults of T. absoluta to 24 compounds including nine compounds of floral scents ［linalool, methyl o-anisate, ethyl hexanoate, cis-jasmone, (-)-limonene, phenylacetaldehyde, β-myrcene, methyl salicylate and ethyl benzoate］, four components of tomato plant volatiles (octyl acetate, catechol, resorcinol and hydroquinone), 11 volatile compounds of from traditional food baits (2-ethyltoluene, decanal, ethyl decanoate, 3-furaldehyde, 1, 2-diethylbenzene, ethyl heptanoate, ethyl octanoate, n-propylbenzene, ethyl nonanoate, benzaldehyde and 1, 4-diethylbenzene) at the doses of 1, 10， 100 and 1 000 μg. Then, the olfactory behavior responses were determined with Y-tube olfactometer to test the attractiveness of 12 compounds screened out by the above experiments with high EAG responses at the doses of 1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg to the female and male adults of T. absoluta. Finally, the oviposition selection behavior was determined with cage experiments to test the oviposition attraction effects of six effective attractants screened out by the above tests on the female adults of T. absoluta. 【Results】 Twelve volatile compounds, including linalool（10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, decanal（1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, methyl o-anisate（10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, octyl acetate（10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, 3-furaldehyde（1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, ethyl heptanoate（10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, phenylacetaldehyde（10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, resorcinol（1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, methyl salicylate（1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, hydroquinone（1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg）, ethyl benzoate（1, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg） and 1,4-diethylbenzene（100 and 1 000 μg） elicited high EAG responses in both female and male adults of T. absoluta. Results from the olfactometer bioassay indicated that six compounds including decanal(10 μg), ethyl heptanoate(10 and 1 000 μg), octyl acetate(100 μg), resorcinol(10 μg), methyl salicylate(1 000 μg), and ethyl benzoate(100 and 1 000 μg) had attraction effects on T. absoluta adults, with decanal(10 μg), ethyl heptanoate(10 and 1 000 μg), resorcinol(10 and 1 000 μg) and ethyl benzoate(100 and 1 000 μg) showing significant attraction to female or male adults, and decanal(10 μg) and ethyl benzoate(100 μg) exhibiting bisexual attraction effects at the same dose. Oviposition selection results demonstrated that decanal (10 μg), ethyl heptanoate (100 μg), octyl acetate (1 000 μg), resorcinol (10 μg), methyl salicylate (1 000 μg), and ethyl benzoate (1 000 μg) showed significant oviposition attractiveness to female adults of T. absoluta. 【Conclusion】 Six volatile compounds including decanal, ethyl heptanoate, octyl acetate, resorcinol, methyl salicylate and ethyl benzoate show significant attractive and oviposition stimulant activities to T. absoluta adults, and decanal and ethyl benzoate have the potential to be developed as bisexual attractants. These results provide references for the development of green control techniques for T. absoluta.

Select Predation of the syrphid, Eupeodes corollae (Diptera: Syrphidae) on the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)

LEI Yang, QIU Ke-Ying, DONG Wan-Ying, LÜ Yao-Bin

2024, 67(12): 1684-1695. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.011

Abstract ( 67 )

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【Aim】This study aims to ascertain the predation capability and biological control potential of the syrphid, Eupeodes corollae against the nymphs and female adults of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis.【Methods】The predation capabilities of the 1st-3rd instar larvae of E. corollae on the 1st-3rd instar nymphs and female adults of P. solenopsis at different densities were tested under laboratory conditions. The Holling and Hassell models were used to fit the predatory functional response and intraspecific interference response of E. corollae to P. solenopsis.【Results】Preying on P. solenopsis, E. corollae larvae exhibited searching, probing, attacking and feeding behaviors. The predation rates of the 1st-3rd instar larvae of E. corollae on nymphs and female adults of P. solenopsis increased with the developmental stages of E. corollae increasing. Moreover, the predation rates of the 1st-3rd instar larvae of E. corollae on P. solenopsis nymphs were higher than those on female adults of P. solenopsis. In a certain range of prey densities, the predation of the 1st-3rd instar larvae of E. corollae on the 1st and 2nd instar nymphs of P. solenopsis fitted the Holling type Ⅲ functional response model, the instantaneous attacking rates were positively correlated with the prey densities, and the prey handling time decreased and the theoretically maximum daily predation amount of prey increased as the developmental stages of E. corollae increased. The predation of the 1st-3rd instar larvae of E. corollae on the 3rd instar nymphs and female adults of P. solenopsis fitted the Holling type Ⅱ functional response model, the daily predation amount was positively correlated with the prey density, and the instantaneous attacking rate of E. corollae against prey increased, the theoretically maximum daily predation amount of prey and predation capability also increased while the prey handling time decreased with the increase of the developmental stages of E. corollae. The predation rates of the 1st-3rd instar larvae of E. corollae to female adults of P. solenopsis were negatively correlated with the predator densities, indicating an increase in intraspecific interference with the increase of predator density.【Conclusion】Taken together, these results indicate that E. corollae larvae have good control potential on the nymphs and female adults of P. solenopsis. The current study provides a theoretical basis for evaluating the biological control potential of E. corollae larvae against P. solenopsis.

REVIEW ARTICLES

Select Research progresses and application prospects of chemical communication in the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

SHEN Jia-Cheng, HOU You-Ming

2024, 67(12): 1696-1706. doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2024.12.012

Abstract ( 86 )

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The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is an invasive pest that poses a serious threat to agricultural and forestry industries, people’s health, public facilities and biodiversity. Its extreme aggressiveness and strong environmental adaptability make the control of this species a significant challenge. As a soil-dwelling social insect, S. invicta relies primarily on its developed chemical communication system. S. invicta uses a variety of semiochemicals as carriers to efficiently transmit information with other organisms inside and outside nests, thereby coordinating the behavior of ant colonies and completing important life activities. Therefore, understanding the characteristics of the chemical communication of S. invicta may help to timely control the spread of this species. In this article, we focused on the chemical communication system of S. invicta, summarizing the regulatory roles of various important semiochemicals inside and outside the colonies of S. invicta in the social behaviors of ant colonies, including the trail pheromone and alarm pheromone of S. invicta during foraging and dealing with dangers, cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs)-based individual recognition inside and outside nests and necrophoric behavior, the ability of interspecies eavesdropping to other organisms and the queen pheromone for regulating the development direction of larval ants. We also reviewed and summerized the contemporary applications and problems of S. invicta semiochemicals, with the aim of providing a theoretical reference for its green prevention and control.

CONTENTS

Select Contents of Vol. 67 Issue 12

2024, 67(12): 1707-1707.

Abstract ( 34 )

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GENERAL CONTENTS

Select General Contents of Volume 67(1-12)

2024, 67(12): 1708-1708.

Abstract ( 39 )

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