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  • Monthly, Founded in 1950
    Supervisor:Chinese Academy of Sciences
    Sponsor:Institute of Zoology,Chinese Academy of Sciences
    The Entomological Society of China
    Domestic postal code: 2-153
    Foreign issuance code: Q61
    ISSN 0454-6296
    CN 11-1832/Q
Table of Content
20 January 2025, Volume 68 Issue 1
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  • RESEARCH PAPERS
    Transcriptional analysis of differentially expressed genes of growth and development-related pathways in the small cocoon mutant sc of Bombyx mori
    WU Sai, WANG Shan-Shan, ZHAO Qiao-Ling, ZHU Juan, WANG Mei-Xian, TANG Shun-Ming, SHEN Xing-Jia
    2025, 68(1):  1-13.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.001
    Abstract ( 104 )   PDF (10244KB) ( 115 )   　　
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     【Aim】 The small cocoon mutant sc was discovered among the offspring of space silkworm (Bombyx mori), exhibiting slow larval development and reduced consumption of mulberry leaves. We speculate that genes related to growth and development pathways of the sc mutant may be affected by the gene mutation. Our previous research indicated that the sc mutant is controlled by a pair of recessive genes located on the 3rd linkage group of B. mori, but the responsible gene has not yet been identified. This study aims to provide insights into the identification of the responsible gene for the sc mutant and the analysis of its molecular mechanisms through comparative transcriptomic analysis between the sc mutant and the normal cocoon strain (TG) derived from space B. mori.【Methods】 The head and midgut tissues from the day-4 5th instar larvae of sc and TG were collected for transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), respectively. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained by comparative transcriptome analysis. Then GO annotation and KEGG enrichment analysis of DEGs were performed. qRT-PCR was employed to validate the expression levels of randomly selected DEGs in sc and TG and investigate the expression levels of the genes of interest in sc. 【Results】 A total of 1 528 DEGs were detected in heads in the comparison group TG vs sc, with 820 DEGs showing up-regulated expression and 708 DEGs showing down-regulated expression. Similarly, 1 401 DEGs were identified in the midguts of the comparison group TG vs sc, with 683 DEGs showing up-regulated expression and 718 DEGs showing down-regulated expression. The GO analysis indicated that in biological processes, the majority of DEGs in the head and midgut were implicated in cellular process, metabolic process, biological regulation, response to stimulus, etc. In terms of molecular functions, most DEGs were associated with binding, catalytic activity, structural molecule activity, transporter activity and ATP-dependent activity. DEGs in the head and midgut were implicated in signaling pathways associated with the growth and development of B. mori, including the Hippo, Insulin and mTOR pathways. The qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the gene expression trend was consistent with the transcriptome sequencing result, and compared to TG, the sc mutant had the key genes BMSK0008105, BMSK0009907, BMSK0002689, BMSK0000286, BMSK0012340 and BMSK00083629 involved in growth and development signaling pathways with differential expression. 【Conclusion】 The differential expression of the critical genes in growth and development signaling pathways of sc and TG disturbs the key physiological processes like energy metabolism, organogenesis and cell growth, proliferation and apoptosis, thereby affecting the body development of the small cocoon mutant sc. These findings contribute to understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the formation of the sc mutant and offer valuable experimental data for further exploration into the regulation of B. mori body size.
    Analysis of cytochrome c oxidase activity and expression patterns of SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 during diapause of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Diptera: Cecidomyidae)
    Gulidan BAISHANBIEKE, HUANG Qi-Tong, LI Fang-Xiang, CHENG Wei-Ning
    2025, 68(1):  14-22.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.002
    Abstract ( 80 )   PDF (2163KB) ( 45 )   　　
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     【Aim】 This study aims to explore the relationship between the changes in cytochrome c oxidase (COX) activity and gene expression of COX subunits SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 in Sitodiplosis mosellana and diapause development, so as to provide a theoretical basis for elucidating the energy metabolism mechanism of diapause of S. mosellana. 【Methods】 The SmCOX activities in S. mosellana larvae at different stages in the natural diapause process including pre-diapause, diapause, post-diapause quiescence and post-diapause development were measured using a COX assay kit. The full-length cDNA sequences of SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 were cloned using RT-PCR and RACE techniques, and analyzed by bioinformatics. qPCR technique was used to detect the expression pattern of SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 in the diapause process of S. mosellana. 【Results】 The SmCOX activity in larvae of S. mosellana in the diapause stage significantly decreased as compared to that in larvae in the pre-diapause stage, remained low level in larvae throughout the diapause stage, significantly increased in larvae in the post-diapause quiescent stage, and increased again in larvae in the post-diapause developmental stage which was significantly higher than those in larvae in the diapause and post-diapause quiescent stages. The open reading frames of SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 (GenBank accession number: PP466915 and PP466916, respectively) obtained were 1 536 and 660 bp in length, respectively, and contained more than 75% A+T base. SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 encoded the proteins of 511 and 220 amino acids with the predicted molecular weight of 57.70 and 25.76 kD, respectively. The amino acid sequence analysis indicated that SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 contained the classical REDOX copper coenzyme factors (CuA and CuB) and heme-containing metal centers heme a and heme a3 of mitochondria COX catalytic core. SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 displayed the highest amino acid sequence identity and the closest relationship to corresponding homologues from Orseolia oryzae (Cecidomyiidae). qPCR result showed that the expression levels of SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 exhibited significant difference in the diapause process of S. mosellana. The expression levels of SmCOX1 and SmCOX2 in larvae in the pre-diapause and post-diapause developmental stages were the highest, followed by those in larvae in the post-diapause quiescence stage, and those in larvae in the diapause stage were the lowest, showing the change trend basically consistent with the activity change of SmCOX. 【Conclusion】 The decrease of SmCOX activity and SmCOX1/2 expression during the diapause of S. mosellana were closely related to low oxygen consumption in diapause stage, while their increase was closely related to more energy demand in the diapause termination and post-diapause developmental stages.
    Whole genomic identification and characteristic analysis of the GR gene family in Anopheles sinensis (Diptera: Culicidae)
    MOU Xiao, REN Shuang, CHEN Bin
    2025, 68(1):  23-35.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.003
    Abstract ( 72 )   PDF (2111KB) ( 48 )   　　
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     【Aim】 To identify the gustatory receptor (GR) family genes of Anopheles sinensis at the whole genome level, analyze the structure and characteristics of the GR gene family members, and predict the possible biological functions of the GR family members, so as to provide an information framework for the GR family genes of An. sinensis. 【Methods】 Using the known GR amino acid sequences of An. gambiae, Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Drosophila melanogaster downloaded from NCBI and Vectorbase databases as inquiry sequences, the GR family genes of An. sinensis were searched and identified at the whole genome level by Blast and HMM methods and named. Using bioinformatics methods, the basic characteristics (physicochemical properties, gene structure and genome localization), conservative domains and Ka/Ks ratios of the GR genes in An. sinensis were predicted. Using MEGA software and maximum likelihood (ML) method, a phylogenetic tree of proteins encoded by the GR genes of An. sinensis and An. gambiae was constructed.【Results】 A total of 54 GR genes were screened and identified in the genome of An. sinensis. According to the classification of An. gambiae and phylogenetic relationship, AsGRs of An. sinensis were divided into four subfamilies of CO2 receptor, bitter receptor, sugar receptor and pheromone receptor, with 3, 40, 6 and 5 receptors, respectively. CO2 receptors and sugar receptors were clustered into a single branch, pheromone receptors were clustered into a single branch, and bitter receptors were scattered throughout the phylogenetic tree. The 54 GR genes of An. sinensis were located on the chromosomes Chr.1 and Chr.2. The amino acid numbers of AsGRs are 128-3 429, with the molecular weight of 14.85-397.08 kD, the theoretical isoelectric point (pI) of 5.16-9.84, and the hydrophilicity index (GRAVY) of between -0.023-0.838. The exons of the 54 An. sinensis AsGR genes ranged from 1 to 23, with a wide range. The Ka/Ks ratios of most of the direct homologous gene pairs between An. sinensis and An. gambiae were less than 1, indicating that the GR family genes of An. sinensis were mainly affected by purification selection during the evolutionary process. 【Conclusion】 This study conducted genome-wide identification and characteristic analysis of the GR family genes of An. sinensis, enriching the genome database of An. sinensis and laying a certain foundation for subsequent functional research on the GR genes of An. sinensis.
    Genome-wide annotation and analysis of the ionotropic receptor gene family of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tetriphitidae)
    YANG Ming-Huan, WANG Qi, YAN Shan-Chun, LIU Wei, WANG Gui-Rong
    2025, 68(1):  36-48.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.004
    Abstract ( 85 )   PDF (3025KB) ( 59 )   　　
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    【Aim】 Ionotropic receptors (IRs) are crucial for insects’ olfactory, gustatory, temperature, and humidity sensing capabilities. This study aims to identify the IR gene family in Bactrocera dorsalis at the whole-genome level combined with transcriptome data, so as to provide a theoretical basis for further research on the functions of ionotropic receptor genes in B. dorsalis. 【Methods】 IR genes in the whole genome of B. dorsalis were identified by using hidden Markov models, multiple sequence alignments, gene domain analysis, and phylogenetic analysis. Chromosomal localization, full-length gene structure, protein conserved motifs, and collinearity analysis of IR gene family were examined by using TBtools. Evolutionary pressures were assessed with EasyCodeML. Hisat2 and Stringtie software was employed to quantify and analyze the expression patterns of IR genes in the peripheral nervous tissues (antenna, mouthparts, foreleg, midleg, hindleg, and genitalia) of B. dorsalis. qPCR was used for verification. 【Results】 A total of 39 candidate IR genes were identified within the whole genome of B. dorsalis. All the above candidate IR genes were located on autosomes, with 26 of them having complete full-length CDS structures supported by transcriptomic evidence. These full-length IR genes shared 2-8 identical protein conserved motifs, reflecting their structural conservation. Twenty-eight candidate IR genes were demonstrated the collinearity with those of other true flies in the genus Bactrocera, and one IR gene was found to be under strong negative selection. Seventeen candidate IR genes with collinearity were expressed in the peripheral nervous tissues of B. dorsalis, among them, 10 IR genes were exclusively expressed in the antennae, two IR genes only expressed in the mouthparts, and one IR gene solely expressed in the ovipositor. Additionally, one IR gene was expressed only in the antennae and male genitalia, one IR gene was expressed across the tissues except for the ovipositor, two IR genes were expressed across all peripheral nervous tissues, six IR genes were expressed differentially between female and male, and the remaining 11 candidate IR genes showed no expression in peripheral nervous tissues. 【Conclusion】 In this study we systematically identified the IR gene family in B. dorsalis using genomic and transcriptomic data. We analyzed the structural features, evolutionary relationships, and expression patterns of the IR gene family members, providing a theoretical foundation for further functional studies on the IR genes of B. dorsalis.
    Target mRNAs and functional analysis of piR-ame-1128833 in Apis mellifera ligustica
    ZHANG Yi-Qiong, LI Qi-Ming, DONG Shu-Nan, WANG Ning, KANG Jing, MI Shi-Yu, WU Ying, JIANG Hai-Bin, CHEN Da-Fu, GUO Rui
    2025, 68(1):  49-60.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.005
    Abstract ( 45 )   PDF (10449KB) ( 29 )   　　
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    【Aim】 This study aims to uncover the regulatory network and function of piR-ame-1128833 in the Apis mellifera ligustica adult worker’s midgut, so as to provide a basis for clarifying its action mechanism. 【Methods】 The authenticity of expression and sequence of piR-ame-1128833 in the 6-day-old adult worker’s midgut, 7-day-old adult queen’s ovary and 12-day-old adult drone’s testis of A. m. ligustica were validated by stem-loop RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Relevant bioinformatic software was used to predict the target mRNAs of piR-ame-1128833 and perform GO and KEGG database annotation. The expression of the key target genes Wnt-1 and LAMP-1 of piR-ame-1128833 in the 6-day-old adult worker’s midgut, 7-day-old adult queen’s ovary and 12-day-old adult drone’s testis was verified using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was conducted to validate the binding relationships between piR-ame-1128833 and the key target genes Wnt-1 and LAMP-1. After feeding the newly emerged adult workers with piR-ame-1128833 mimic (mimic-piR) and negative control (mimic-NC), RT-qPCR was employed to detect the relative expression levels of piR-ame-1128833 in the midgut and those of the key target genes Wnt-1 and LAMP-1 in the midgut after overexpression of piR-ame-1128833 of adult workers. 【Results】 piR-ame-1128833 was existed and expressed in the 6-day-old adult worker’s midgut, 7-day-old adult queen’s ovary and 12-day-old adult drone’s testis. piR-ame-1128833 targeted 3 021 mRNAs annotated to 45 GO terms such as metabolic process and catalytic activity as well as 318 KEGG pathways such as lysosome and MAPK signaling pathways. Additionally, 51 target mRNAs were involved in seven growth and development-related signaling pathways including Wnt, mTOR, Hippo, AMPK, Hedgehog, MAPK and JAK-STAT, and 53 target mRNAs were engaged in two humoral immune pathways (MAPK and JAK-STAT signaling pathways) and three cellular immune pathways (endocytosis, lysosome and phagosome). Target genes Wnt-1 and LAMP-1 were expressed in the 6-day-old adult worker’s midgut, 7-day-old adult queen’s ovary and 12-day-old adult drone’s testis. There was the binding relationship between piR-ame-1128833 and target genes Wnt-1 and LAMP-1. The expression level of piR-ame-1128833 was extremely significantly up-regulated in the 2- and 5-day-old adult workers’ midguts and significantly up-regulated in the 3- and 4-day-old adult workers’ midguts in the mimic-piR group as compared with that in the mimic-NC group. After overexpression of piR-ame-1128833, the expression level of Wnt-1 was extremely significantly down-regulated in the 3-day-old adult worker’s midgut and significantly down-regulated in the 2-, 4- and 5-day-old adult workers’ midguts, while that of LAMP-1 was extremely significantly down-regulated in the midguts of 3-, 4- and 5-day-old adult workers’ midguts, and significantly down-regulated in the 2-day-old adult worker’s midgut. 【Conclusion】 piR-ame-1128833 is expressed in the adult worker’s midgut, adult queen’s ovary and adult drone’s testes of A. m. ligustica. The efficient overexpression of piR-ame-1128833 in the adult workers’ midguts could be achieved by feeding mimic-piR, and piR-ame-1128833 plays a potential role in the adult workers’ midguts through negative regulation of the expression of Wnt-1 and LAMP-1.
    Resistance monitoring of Chilo suppressalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) in Anhui Province and transcriptome analysis of induction effects by tetraniliprole
    HU Fei, TONG You-Min, WU Zhen-Chen, LIANG Jia-Hui, BI Si-Jia, XU Ting-Ting, HU Ben-Jin, QIU Kun, ZHUO Fu-Yan, XU Li-Na
    2025, 68(1):  61-71.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.006
    Abstract ( 51 )   PDF (2097KB) ( 27 )   　　
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     【Aim】 To determine the resistance level of Chilo suppressalis collected from Anhui Province to diamide insecticides and to investigate the differentially expressed genes in response to tetraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole, so as to provide a theoretical basis for rational use of insecticides and resistance management of C. suppressalis. 【Methods】 The resistance levels of the 3rd instar larvae of four field populations of C. suppressalis from Nanling, Dongzhi, Lujiang and Wangjiang of Anhui Province collected in March to July, 2023 and a laboratory susceptible population (CS) of C. suppressalis to chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and tetraniliprole were tested by rice stem dipping method. PCR was used to analyze the mutation frequency of Y4667D, Y4667C, I4758M, Y4891F and G4915E in the ryanodine receptor (RyR) gene associated with the resistance to diamide insecticides among the populations of C. suppressalis from Lujiang, Dongzhi, Dangtu, Nanling, Wuwei, Susong, Wangjiang, Huoqiu and Fengtai, and the CS population of C. suppressalis. The transcriptome sequencing was performed to investigate the differentially expressed genes that may be involved in the response of C. suppressalis to chlorantraniliprole and tetraniliprole in the 3rd instar larvae of the CS population after exposure to the median lethal concentration (LC50) of chlorantraniliprole and tetraniliprole. GO function annotation and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis were performed for the differentially expressed genes. 【Results】 The four field populations of C. suppressalis from Nanling, Dongzhi, Lujiang and Wangjiang had different degrees of resistance to chlorantraniliprole, cyantraniliprole and tetraniliprole, respectively. Among them, the Wangjiang population had the highest level of resistance to the three insecticides, with the resistance ratios of 253.8, 38.4 and 112.2-fold, respectively. The mutation frequencies of I4758M, Y4667D, Y4891F and Y4667C associated with the resistance to diamide insecticides in the seven C. suppressalis populations in Anhui Province were 52.8%, 32.3%, 4.7% and 0.9%, respectively, however, the mutation of G4915E was not detected. Meanwhile, no mutation was detected in the Huoqiu, Fengtai and CS populations.  The expression levels of 2 547 differentially expressed genes in the 3rd instar larvae of the CS population after exposure to LC50 of chlorantraniliprole and tetraniliprole were obviously changed as compared with those in the control group. Among the 2 547 differentially expressed genes, 2 531 differentially expressed genes had the same response patterns to the two insecticides, while only 16 differentially expressed genes had the opposite response patterns to the two insecticides. Differentially expressed genes in response to chlorantraniliprole and tetraniliprole were enriched in localization, cellular processe, cell, macromolecular complex, binding, catalytic activity, metabolism, genetic information processing and organismal systems. 【Conclusion】 The regional control measures of C. suppressalis should be implemented in Anhui Province as soon as possible. The diamide insecticides should be rationally used in the sensitive areas to delay the development of resistance. In resistant areas, comprehensive measures should be taken to control the resistance, and restore the high efficiency of diamide insecticides to improve the control efficacy.
    Influence of Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) infestation on the growth, development and selectivity of Lema decempunctata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and host plant hormones
    LI Fa-Yi, DENG Chang-Rong, DUAN Guo-Zhen, FAN Guang-Hui, LI Jian-Ling
    2025, 68(1):  72-81.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.007
    Abstract ( 52 )   PDF (1566KB) ( 49 )   　　
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    【Aim】Lema decempunctata is a significant pest with chewing mouthparts that affects the organic cultivation of Lycium barbarum. This pest frequently feeds with Aphis gossypii, thereby complicating control efforts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of A. gossypii infestation on the growth and development of L. decempunctata, reveal the disaster mechanism of L. decempunctata and provide the guidance for the pest prevention and control.【Methods】The impacts of individual and combined infestation of the 3rd instar nymphs of A. gossypii and the 2nd instar larvae of L. decempunctata on L. barbarum plants, on the larval duration of L. decempunctata, as well as on the body length, body width body weight, and head width of the 3rd instar mature larvae and adults of L. decempunctata were investigated. Additionally, the effects of these infestation on the feeding selection rate of larvae and the oviposition rate of adults of L. decempunctata, along with on the contents of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) in  the leaves of L. barbarum, were examined.【Results】When A. gossypii infested L. barbarum plants alone, the total larval duration of L. decempunctata was significantly reduced by 11.68%， the body width of the 3rd instar mature larvae of L. decempunctata was increased by 13.67%, and the body weight, body width and head width of L. decempunctata adults were significantly increased by 30.68%, 32.64% and 32.90%, respectively, as compared to those in the control (healthy plants without pest infestation). When L. decempunctata larvae infested L. barbarum plants alone, the total larval duration of L. decempunctata was 12.04% longer than that of the control, however, no significant differences were observed in the body weight, body length, body width and head width of either the larvae or the adults of L. decempunctata between the treatment group and the control group. When A. gossypii and L. decempunctata infested L. barbarum plants together, the body weight, body length, body width and head width of either the larvae or the adults of L. decempunctata showed no significant differences from those in the control. Regarding the selection behavior, compared to the control, the larval feeding and adult oviposition of L. decempunctata first preferred to the L. barbarum plants infested with A. gossypii alone, and then to the L. barbarum plants infested with A. gossypii and L. decempunctata together. A. gossypii infestation resulted in a notable increase in SA content in the leaves of L. barbarum, while had no significant effect on the JA content in the leaves of L. barbarum compared with the control. In contrast, L. decempunctata infestation led to a significant increase in the JA content in the leaves of L. barbarum, while caused no significant impact on the SA content in the leaves of L. barbarum compared with the control.【Conclusion】A. gossypii infestation could significantly elevate the SA content in the leaves of L. barbarum, inhibit the accumulation of JA in the leaves of L. barbarum, promote the growth and development of the larvae and adults of L. decempunctata, and enhance the feeding and reproductive activities of L. decempunctata. However, this promoting effect was mitigated in the presence of L. decempunctata.
    Opsin gene LW-opsin mutation affects the growth, development and fecundity of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)
    CHEN Shao-Ping, QIU Rong-Zhou, CHI Mei-Xiang, CHEN Yan-Ting, YANG Guang
    2025, 68(1):  82-88.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.008
    Abstract ( 69 )   PDF (2528KB) ( 50 )   　　
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     【Aim】Plutella xylostella is a worldwide pest of cruciferous vegetables. This study aims to confirm the effects of opsin gene LW-opsin mutation on the growth, development, and fecundity of P. xylostella, providing a theoretical basis for the development of new target of genetic control of P. xylostella. 【Methods】Under laboratory conditions, the age-stage, two-sex life table was employed to determine the developmental duration, survival rate, fecundity, life expectancy and life table parameters of the wild-type strain G88 and the LW-opsin mutant strain LW-13 of P. xylostella. 【Results】LW-opsin mutation prolonged the preadult duration ［G88: (12.45±0.06) d; LW-13: (13.45±0.25) d］ and the total preoviposition period［G88: (12.59±0.08) d; LW-13: (13.57±0.30) d］, and shortened the adult longevity ［G88: (6.84±0.02) d; LW-13: (5.73±0.07) d］ and oviposition period ［G88: (6.09±0.10) d; LW-13: (5.14±0.34) d］. The survival rates of larva, pupa and adult were decreased by LW-opsin mutation. The age-specific survival rate of the G88 strain began to decline sharply from the 18-day-old, while that of the LW-13 strain had dropped to 25% at the 4-day-old. LW-opsin mutation reduced the age-specific reproductive value, age-stage-specific life expectancy, intrinsic rate of increase ［G88: (0.31±0.01) d-1; LW-13: (0.15±0.03) d-1］, finite rate of increase ［G88: (1.36±0.01) d-1; LW-13: (1.16±0.03) d-1］ and net reproductive rate (G88: 79.79±8.84; LW-13: 10.26±3.84) of P. xylostella, and prolonged the mean generation time ［G88: (14.20±0.06) d; LW-13: (15.67±0.16) d］. 【Conclusion】 Opsin gene LW-opsin mutation affects the growth and development of P. xylostella, reducing its survival rate and fecudity.
    Chill and heat coma of two pupal Drosophila parasitoids
    LIU Tian-Tian, CHEN Jin-Lin, CHEN Fei, GAO Huan-Huan, XI Xin-Qiang
    2025, 68(1):  89-97.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.009
    Abstract ( 43 )   PDF (1624KB) ( 38 )   　　
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    【Aim】In high or low temperature environment, insects enter a reversible coma state due to the temporally shutdown of neural and muscular systems. Extreme temperatures beyond the threshold to induce chill- or heat-coma state and prolonged coma state could result in the death of insects. This study aims to explore the chill- and heat-coma states of two parasitoid wasps Trichopria drosophilae and Pachycrepoideus vindemiae, so as to improve our knowledge of how climate change affects parasitoid wasps. 【Methods】 We observed the time to enter and recover from coma states of T. drosophilae and P. vindemiae adults newly emerged within 24 h at the low temperature of 4 ℃ and high temperatures of 38 and 42 ℃, the proportion of individuals with mobility recovered at 25 ℃ after 60- and 120-min of coma treatment. The longevity of individuals surviving at low and high temperatures was counted. 【Results】T. drosophilae adults entered chill-coma state sooner than P. vindemiae adults under 4 ℃ environment and required longer time to recover from immobility. All T. drosophilae adults lost mobility under 38 and 42 ℃ environments, 27% of the individuals died after 60- and 120-min coma at 38 ℃, and 15% and 38% of the individuals died after 60- and 120-min of coma at 42 ℃, respectively. By contrast, none of P. vindemiae adults lost mobility in 38 ℃ environment while 42 ℃ treatment rendered 35% of adult P. vindemiae motionless and all of those lost mobility for 60- and 120-min died after the heat treatment, indicating that P. vindemiae adults are less likely to survive under high temperature stress via heat-coma state. We also discovered that the adult longevity of the two parasitoid wasps recovered from chill-coma was not affected, yet the adult longevity of the two parasitoid adult wasps recovered from heat-coma was significantly reduced, and T. drosophilae adults suffered a greater reduction in longevity.【Conclusion】 These results suggest that P. vindemiae adults keep active for a longer period of time and have a smaller decrease in longevity than T. drosophilae adults in extreme temperature environment. These results are helpful in designing biocontrol protocols using the studied two parasitoid wasps to reduce the damage by Drosophila flies in changing climate.
    Genetic diversity and phylogeography of Oedaleus decorus decorus (Orthoptera: Oedipodidae) populations in Xinjiang, western China based on the mitochondrial Cytb
    MA Yu-Jie, ZHANG Xiao-Qing, WANG Yi-Ming, ZHONG Yuan-Jia, JI Rong, YUAN Liang
    2025, 68(1):  98-109.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.010
    Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (2922KB) ( 30 )   　　
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    【Aim】 The aim of this study is to reveal the genetic diversity and genealogical relationships of different geographic populations of Oedaleus decorus decorus in Xinjiang, western China, and to provide molecular genetic evidence for the historical migratory patterns of migratory locusts in Xinjiang.【Methods】 PCR was used to amplify the 740 bp of nucleic acid sequence on the mitochondrial Cytb of 28 geographic populations of O. decorus decorus in Xinjiang. The genetic diversity, patterns of genetic differentiation and gene flow in geographic populations of O. decorus decorus were analyzed based on Cytb fragment sequences using DnaSP 5.10 and Arlequin 3.1 software. 【Results】 A total of 27 haplotypes were detected in 338 Cytb fragments from 28 geographic populations of O. decorus decorus in Xinjiang, and the population haplotype diversity index (Hd) was 0.8185 and the nucleotide diversity (π) was 0.00611, implying a high level of population genetic diversity of O. decorus decorus populations. Molecular phylogenetic trees constructed based on haplotypes and median-joining network relationship analyses showed that the geographic populations of O. decorus decorus in Xinjiang were clearly divided into two geographic genetic lineages: The northern Tianshan foothills lineage (lineage I, including Wenquan, Shawan, Changji, Urumqi and Hami populations, and 1 individual from the Bole population) and the Sino-Harbin border lineage (lineage II, including Ili, Tacheng and Altay populations, and 11 individuals from the Bole population). AMOVA analysis showed high genetic variation (71.38%) among different geographic populations of O. decorus decorus in Xinjiang, while the level of genetic variation within different geographic populations was low (28.62%). The genetic differentiation index (Fst) among the 28 geographic populations ranged from -0.097 to 0.987, and that between the two geographic genetic lineages was 0.805. The distribution of nucleotide mismatches showed multiple peaks, with the Tajima’s D value of 0.193 and Fu’s Fs value of -2.863, hypothesizing that no historical population expansion of O. decorus decorus had occurred in Xinjiang. 【Conclusion】 O. decorus decorus had rich genetic diversity and distinct phylogeographical patterns in Xinjiang. Gene exchange between the two geographic lineages was weak and there was large genetic differentiation, but there was strong gene flow for various populations within the two geographic lineages, presumably due to geographic isolation such as high mountains and deserts. The results of this study provide a molecular genetic basis for reconstructing the historical migratory paths of locusts in Xinjiang grassland and elucidating the current distribution pattern.
    Analysis of the genetic structure of Bactrocera dorsalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) populations in Yunnan Province, southwestern China based on mitochondrial genome
    FENG Xin-Ying, WANG Xuan, LI Bing-Yan, ZENG Biao, LI Hu, LIU Zhi-Qi, SONG Fan
    2025, 68(1):  110-122.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.011
    Abstract ( 38 )   PDF (4034KB) ( 43 )   　　
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     【Aim】 Based on mitochondrial genome data, we aim to clarify the genetic diversity and genetic structure of the population of Bactrocera dorsalis in Yunnan Province, southwestern China, and reveal the dispersal routes of B. dorsalis in Yunnan, so as to provide the theoretical basis for the formulation and plan of the control strategy of B. dorsalis. 【Methods】 From July to September in 2022, we collected 15 geographical populations of B. dorsalis in Yunnan Province. The mitochondrial genomes were sequenced, assembled and annotated using the DNBSEQ-T7 platform. The genetic diversity and genetic differentiation were detected using MEGA-X 10.0.5, DnaSP 6.12 and Arlequin 3.5.2 software based on the sequences of 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs). The phylogenetic tree was constructed using maximum likelihood method and the haplotype network was constructed using PopART 4.8.4 software based on the sequences of 13 PCGs and COI. The historical dynamics of the populations were analyzed by neutrality test and mismatch distribution. 【Results】 A total of 149 complete mitochondrial genomes from 15 geographical populations of B. dorsalis in Yunnan were obtained， including 1 697 variable sites, showing a high level of genetic diversity (Pi=0.00783, K=87.591，Hd=0.9994). The genetic distance between the populations ranged from 0.00702 to 0.00874, and the genetic differentiation index was from -0.02345 to 0.05203. The phylogenetic tree and haplotype network did not show obvious population structure. The B. dorsalis population expansion occurred in Yunnan. The western and southern regions of Yunnan were the earliest invaded areas of B. dorsalis, while the northern region of Yunnan was one of the invaded areas later. 【Conclusion】 Different groups of B. dorsalis in Yunnan Province showed a high level of genetic diversity and weak genetic structure, and the mitochondrial genome variable sites were abundant and widely distributed in all populations. There was no obvious difference among these geographical populations. It is speculated that B. dorsalis spreads from the western and southern to the northern regions of Yunnan.
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    Morphology and ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of adult Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), a parasitoid of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)
    LIU Xin-Yu, BAI Yan-Yan, ZHAO Ying-Ying, QI Yu, JIANG Na, LIU Bao-Zhi, LV Shu-Jie, XIE Shou-An
    2025, 68(1):  123-132.  doi:10.16380/j.kcxb.2025.01.012
    Abstract ( 62 )   PDF (6385KB) ( 64 )   　　
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     【Aim】To clarify the types, morphology and distribution of the antennal sensilla of female and male adults of Anastatus orientalis, an indigenous parasitic natural enemy against Lycorma delicatula, and provide theoretical support for exploring the functions and olfactory mechanisms of various types of sensilla of A. orientalis.【Methods】The morphology and ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla on the female and male adults of A. orientalis were observed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM).【Results】The antennae of adult A. orientalis are geniculate, and consist of scape, pedicel and flagellum. The mean adult antenna length is 1 710.53 μm in males and 1 638.67 μm in females. SEM observation revealed that there are seven types of sensilla on the antennae of adult A. orientalis, including Böhm’s bristles (BBs), sensilla trichodea (ST), sensilla chaetica (SCh), sensilla basiconica (SB, with subtypes SBI and SBII), sensilla placodea (SP), sensilla coeloconica (SCo) and sensilla auricillica (SAu). Among them, the SAu are unique to female adults, and the smell pore (SPo) was also found on the antennae of female adults.【Conclusion】There is typical sexual dimorphism phenomenon in the types and distribution feature of antennal sensilla between the female and male adults of A. orientalis. Different types of antennal sensilla have different morphology and distribution, and play different functions. This research suggests that the abundant antennal sensilla play an important role in the process of sensing environmental changes, finding mates and locating hosts. These results lay a foundation for research on the chemical communication mechanism and olfactory behavior differences of A. orientalis.
    CONTENTS
    Contents of Vol. 68 Issue 1
    2025, 68(1):  133-133. 
    Abstract ( 27 )   PDF (507KB) ( 7 )   　　
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