【Aim】 This study aims to analyze the difference in the visual ability of Rhopalosiphum padi adults by comparing the external morphology of compound eyes of five different forms (winged virginoparae, wingless virginoparae, male, oviparae and gynoparae) 
and wingless virginoparaes from holocyclic and anholocyclic life cycles, so as to provide a basis for further exploring the reproductive transformation and host searching mechanism of R. padi. 【Methods】 The external morphology and types of compound eyes in holocyclic and anholocyclic wingless virginoparae of R. padi and adults of five forms produced by the holocyclic aphids at low temperature (12℃) and short photoperiod (8L∶16D) were observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). 【Results】 The compound eye of adult R. padi is oval and located at the base of antenna in the head, without sensory hairs in the separation of ammatidias. There is no significant difference in the size (long axis diameter and short axis diameter) and arc height of compound eyes, the amount of ommatidia and the diameter of ommatidium between holocyclic and anholocyclic wingless virginoparae of R. padi. However, there are significant differences in the size and arc height of compound eyes, the amount of ommatidia, and the diameter of ommatidium among the five forms of R. padi with holocyclic life cycle at low temperature and short photoperiod. Male, winged virginoparae and gynoparae have larger compound eye area and a larger number of ommatidia than wingless virginoparae and oviparae, and oviparae has the smallest compound eye area and the lowest number of ommatidia.【Conclusion】 Combining the results of the five parameters, it was assumed that the visual ability of the five forms of R. padi from strong to weak is as below: male, winged virginoparae, gynoparae, wingless virginoparae and oviparae. The variances in compound eyes and ocelli might be associated with reproductive transformation and host searching of R. padi.

【Aim】 The aim of this study is to determine the effects of acetamiprid residue in queen cell on queen rearing in the western honey bee, Apis mellifera. 【Methods】 Queen cells were made with dissolved beeswax and by adding acetamiprid solution, and queen cells containing four different doses of acetamiprid (0, 10, 100 and 1 000 μg/kg beeswax) respectively were obtained. Meanwhile, a queen was restricted in a comb to lay eggs for 6 h. When the larvae hatched from those eggs, 1-day-old larvae were grafted into the above queen cells followed by feeding in bee colonies. On day 3 and day 6 after graft, the acceptance and capped rates of larvae in queen cells of each group were respectively counted. The number of emerged queens in all groups was recorded, and the birth weight, 
thorax weight and thorax width of these queens were measured. The relative expression levels of vitellogenin gene (Vg) and hexamerin genes (hex110 and hex70b) in queen ovaries were detected by qPCR. 【Results】 The emergence rates of reared queens of A. mellifera in the acetamiprid dose groups of 100 μg/kg beeswax and 1 000 μg/kg beeswax were significantly lower than those in the 0 μg/kg beeswax dose group and the 10 μg/kg beeswax dose group, while there were no significant differences among other dose groups. There were no significant differences in the acceptance rate and capped rate of the larvae, and the birth weight, thorax weight and thorax width of emerged queens among the four dose groups. The results of qPCR showed that the relative expression levels of Vg gene decreased with the increasing concentrations of acetamiprid. Among them, the relative expression level of Vg in the 1 000 μg/kg beeswax dose group was significantly lower than those in the 10 μg/kg beeswax dose group and the 0 μg/kg beeswax dose group, but there was no significant difference between the other dose groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of hex110 and hex70b showed no significant difference among the four groups. 【Conclusion】 When the residue of acetamiprid in queen cells is over 100 μg/kg beeswax, it will generate negative effects on the process of queen rearing in  A. mellifera.

【Aim】 This study aims to determine the effects of feeding on diets containing components of different plants on the growth and development and detoxification enzyme activitiesof Pagiophloeus
tsushimanus larvae, so as to explore the roles of host plants on the feeding habits and resistance capabilities of P. tsushimanus.【Methods】 Three semi-artificial diets were prepared separately by using twig powders of three plant species of Lauraceae (Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum chekiangensis, and Phoebe chekiangensis) as the plant components, and fed to P. tsushimanus larvae. The developmental duration, body weight, mortality rate, and pupation rate of the larvae fed on the semi-artificial diets were measured. After the 4th instar larvae were subjected to starvation for 12 h and then fed on the three semi-artificial diets, the temporal changes in the activities of detoxification enzymes［glutathione S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE)］ were measured. 【Results】 There were significant differences in the developmental duration of P. tsushimanus larvae fed on the semi-artificial diets containing different plant components. The developmental duration of P. tsushimanus larvae fed on the semi-artificial diet containing C. camphora components was the shortest (100.13 d), while that of larvae fed on the semi-artificial diet containing P. chekiangensis components was the longest (123.33 d). In the larval stage, the mortality rate of P. tsushimanus larvae
fed on the semi-artificial diet containing C. chekiangensis components was the highest (41.67%), while that of larvae fed on the semi-artificial diet containing C. camphora components was the lowest (10.00%). The pupation rate of P. tsushimanus larvae fed on the semiartificial diet containing C. camphora components was the highest (87.32%). The growth rate of larvae fed on the semi-artificial diet containing C. camphora components was also significantly higher than that of larvae fed on the semi-artificial diet containing C. chekiangensis or P. chekiangensis components. Meanwhile, there was no significant difference in the activities of GST and AChE between the larvae fed on the semi-artificial diets containing different plant components after being subjected to starvation for 12 h (P>0.05), while the CarE activity in the larvae fed on the semi-artificial diet containing C. camphora components increased significantly at 60 h after feeding. 【Conclusion】 The results suggest that P. tsushimanus has strong physiological adaptability to its natural host plant C. camphora, which may be related to its host specificity. Meanwhile, P. tsushimanus can adapt to different host plants by adjusting its growth and metabolic detoxification.

【Aim】 This study aims to clarify the relationship between the boring rate and pupal weight of the oriental fruit moth, Grapholitha molesta, on host fruits and host species and fruit developmental stage, so as to provide the theoretical basis for its prediction and control. 【Methods】 The boring rates of the newly hatched larvae of G. molesta on fruits of six varieties of three fruit species ［Malus pumila (variety Gala apple), Amygdalus persica (varieties Dajiubao peach, Fengbai peach and Xiaguang nectarine), Pyrus bretschneideri (varieties Dangshan pear and Yuluxiang pear)］ at different developmental stages and on four fruit varieties (Dajiubao peach, Fengbai peach, Dangshan pear and Yuluxiang pear) with different fruit statuses at 72 h post inoculating eggs were determined in the laboratory. The boring rates of the newly hatched larvae on different apple varieties (Gala apple, Fuji apple and Golden delicious apple) at different 
developmental stages at 24 h and 72 h post inoculating eggs were compared. The pupal weight of G. molesta on Golden delicious apple, Fuji apple, Gala apple, Dangshan pear and Fengbai peach at different developmental stages were also determined. 【Results】 The boring rate of the newly hatched larvae of G. molesta at 72 h post inoculating eggs was the highest on Xiaguang nectarine, followed by on Gala apple, Dangshan pear, Yuluxiang pear, Dajiubao peach and Fengbai peach. Except Xiaguang nectarine, the developmental stage of the other five fruits significantly affected the boring rate of the newly hatched larvae. The boring rates of the newly hatched larvae at 72 h post inoculating eggs were 73.69% and 32.51% on young fruit and coloring fruit of Gala apple, respectively. The boring rates of the newly hatched larvae on Dajiubao peach, Fengbai peach, Dangshan pear and Yuluxiang pear at 72 h post inoculating eggs increased with the developmental stage of host fruits. The boring rates of the newly hatched larvae on the coloring fruits and mature fruits of three apple varieties significantly reduced with treatment time, but the boring rates on young fruits showed no significant change. Meanwhile, the host species and their developmental stage also affected the pupal weight of G. molesta, the female and male pupal weight of G. 
molesta on mature peach and pear were significantly higher than those on immature ones, and coloring apples are unsuitable to the female and male pupal weight of G. molesta. 【Conclusion】 Fruit species and developmental stage significantly affect the boring rate 
of the newly hatched larvae and the pupal weight of G. molesta, and the boring rate of the newly hatched larvae and the pupal weight of G. molesta on mature pear and peach are significantly higher than those on immature ones.

【Aim】 This study aims to observe the morphological characteristics of different ages and wing types of Macrosiphoniella sanborni and the ultrastructure of its antennal sensilla, so as to provide a reference for identification of different ages and a basis for study on the sensillal function and odour recognition mechanism of M. sanborni. 【Methods】 The whole-body morphology and ultrastructure of antennal sensilla of M. sanborni were observed under super-depth microscope and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the amount, distribution and size of antennal sensilla were statistically and comparatively analyzed. 【Results】 The results revealed that the qualitative indexes such as the wing bud, the projection angle of the end of abdomen and cauda can be utilized for accurate age identification of M. sanborni. Cauda shape can be used to distinguish adults from nymphs. The 3rd and 4th instar apterous nymph don’t have wing bud, while the alatae have. Wing bud shape can be used to distinguish alatae at the 3rd and 4th instars. Projection angle of the end of abdomen can be used to distinguish apterate at the 3rd and 4th instars. The antenna of M. sanborni is of the filiform type, contains five segments in the 1st and 2nd instars, and six segments in the rest. Five morphologically unique sensilla types were found and described: placoid sensillum, coeloconic peg, trichoid sensillum type I, trichoid sensillum type II and campaniform sensillum. Nymphs are different from adults in antennal segments, sensilla types and sensilla amounts. Differences also exist in the type, amount and array
of sensilla on the antennae between alatae and apterae. 【Conclusion】 Different types of M. sanborni can be identified accurately by morphological indexes such as wing bud, projection angle of the end of abdomen and cauda. The antennal sensilla of different ages and wing types of M. sanborni differ in types, numbers and distribution positions, which may directly affect their behavioral performance on locating host plants.