The known marker systems of red egg ( re ), white egg (w2 ＆ pe), the fourth brown egg ( b-4 ) and the normal type-black egg of silkworm Bombyx mori were crossed with 20 red egg systems of unknown genes preserved in silkworm gene bank in China, and cis-trans complementary test was conducted to identify the genes controlling their egg color and to study their inheritance. A new mutant gene, pink like egg, an allele of re, designated as re^p, was isolated from 03-310 system. Phenotypically, this mutant was found to be characterized by pink eggs and pink eyes of the moth. Six systems appeared to be homozygous for the genotype of re/re. Five systems had additional genes controlling the white egg, light red egg or orange red egg besides the genotype of re/re. Two systems were confirmed to be homozygotes of the fourth brown egg (b-4). Redbrown egg occurred in the other 6 systems and was controlled by maternal inheritance. The two egg color controlling genes b-4 and re were found to be complementary, and the homozygote (b-4/b-4 re/re), a new egg color mutant, appeared as orange egg. 13 Refs. In Chinese.

In order to study the antibacterial activities of chitosans obtained from cuticle of housefly (Musca domestica) larvae and affecting factors, chitosans with different molecular weights prepared from cuticle of housefly larvae were examined against six bacteria at different conditions. The results showed that chitosans  with the molecular weights of 21－251 kD had stronger antibacterial activities. Chitosans showed higher antibacterial activities at low pH value. The minimum inhibitory concentration of chitosans ranged from 0.03%－0.06%. Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ could reduce the antibacterial activity of chitosans remarkably. Molecular weight of chitosans, pH value and ion were the factors strongly affecting the antibacterial activities of chitosan, which was also significantly related to the strain of the bacteria. Chitosan could increase  cell membrane penetrability of the bacteria and cause the leakage of cytoplasm.

For comparing the selective toxicity of chlorfenapyr between silkworm and mulberry silkworms and mulberry pests, the toxicity of chlorfenapyr, diazinon, dichlorvos, phoxim and triazophos was determined using food intake method, the toxicity of the five insecticides to Phthonandria atrilineata Butler, Diaphania pyloalis Walker and Porthesia xanthocampa Dyer was assayed in room using leaf dipping method, the period of residual toxicity of chlorfenapyr on mulberry to silkworm was tested by spraying pesticide in mulberry field, and the effect to growth and development of silkworm was investigated using food intake method. The results indicated that the toxicity of diazinon, dichlorvos, phoxim and triazophos in 72 h after treatment was 15.5, 93.3, 154.0 and 188.5 times higher than that of chlorfenapyr, respectively. The LC₅₀ of chlorfenapyr, triazophos, phoxim and dichlorvos in 48 h after treatment to P. atrilineata was 49.1, 3.2, 2.3 and 1.4 times higher than that of diazinon, to D. pyloalis was 79.4, 3.6, 2.4 and 1.8 times higher than that of diazinon, and to E. similis was 67.2, 3.2, 2.2 and 1.7 times higher than that of diazinon, respectively. The period of residual toxicity of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/L of chlorfenapyr sprayed on mulberry field was 3, 0, 0 and 0 days, respectively. The developmental duration of survival larvae, the weight of dormant silkworm, the weight of mature silkworm, cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, pupa weight and pupation rate in treatments of 100, 50, 25 and 12.5 mg/L of chlorfenapyr showed no significant difference compared with the control. The results suggest that chlorfenapyr is an insecticide suitable to control pests in mulberry field and safe to silkworm.

In order to explore the atmospheric dynamic mechanisms of the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee catastrophic immigrations, the tempo-spatial patterns of its populations occurred in China in 2003 was analyzed topographically under the assistance of ArcGIS. Based on this analysis, two typical great immigrating events were selected. The observational meteorological data and T213 numerical simulation products covering these processes were extracted from the data received by a PCVSAT^TM (PC Very Small Aperture Terminal). These data were input into the model MM5 32 (The Fifth-Generation Mesoscale Model for version 3.2), and a set of atmospheric dynamical fields during these migrating and landing processes were simulated numerically and analyzed objectively. The results were as follows: (1) It was feasible to use the directions of air streams on the 850 hPa (approximately 1 500 m) and 925 hPa(around 750 m) to describe the flight directions of rice leaf rollers in the main migrant layers during the northward and southward migrations of their populations, respectively. There were relatively coincident air streams with a northern exposure during the migration northward of rice leaf rollers and there were concurrent airflows with a southern exposure during the migration southward. The regions with cyclonic curvatures were advantageous to taking-off and emigration of the leaf rollers, and the areas with anticyclonic curvatures were favorable to immigration and landing. (2) The driving effect of the subsiding airflow on the vertical velocity field was most direct atmospheric dynamical mechanism for immigration and landing of rice leaf rollers. When they immigrated into the endangered regions, on the 850 hPa over these regions in 36-12 hours before landing, there were relative strong and wide subsiding airflows. (3) On the divergence fields of 850 hPa and 925 hPa in 36-12 hours before the pest immigrated into the endangered areas, there were conformably positive and high divergence values over the landing regions. This indicated that there were obvious strong sinking airflows over these regions, and these airflows were available for the pest's landing. (4) The diagnostic distributions of horizontal air stream field, vertical velocity field and divergence field on 850 hPa and 925 hPa would provide with good indicative significance for the forecast of rice leaf rollers' immigration and landing.

Through extensive collecting, behavioral observation and test of obstructing fig wasps from entering figs, the community structure of fig wasps， the reproductive strategies of non-pollinating fig wasps (NPFW) and the effects of non-pollinating fig wasps on the figwasp mutualism of Ficus cyrtophylla,  an understory fig species in the tropical rain forest of Xishuangbanna, were studied. Except the obligate pollinator-Blastophaga sp. for F. cyrtophylla， there were three non-pollinating fig wasp species in its syconia, i.e., Platyneura sp., Philotrypesis sp. and Sycoscapter sp. In the fig wasp community, Blastophaga sp., as the dominant species, accounted for 92.21% of the total fig wasps， while Sycoscapter  sp. accounted for only 5.78%， Philotrypesis  sp. 1.84% and Platyneurasp. 0.17% of the total fig wasps. Sycoscaptersp. was the primary non-pollinating fig wasp. All these non-pollinators oviposited outside the figs, and they produced their offsprings through co-inhabiting and competing with pollinators for reproductive sites or food resources. Platyneura sp. was the gall-maker while Philotrypesissp. and Sycoscaptersp. were both inquilines. If no pollinators entered the figs，all the non-pollinators would fail to produce their offsprings. The non-pollinators performed some significantly negative effects on the pollinator population size and the number of female pollinators， but not on the number of male pollinating fig wasps, and thus resulted in a significant increase of the ratio of males to the total number of the pollinators. These results show that non-pollinators usually prefer the galls of female pollinators to the galls of male pollinating fig wasps when they oviposit. Because the female pollinators are the only vectors for figs， the non-pollinators may negatively affect the stable existence and development of the fig-wasp mutualism.

From 2002 to 2004, in Dahaitou National Natural Reserve, Chi Cheng county, Hebei province, mortality was surveyed for all immature stages of the two coexisting melitaeine butterflies Melitaea phoebe and Euphydryas aurinia for two generations in the same habitat network. Life tables were constructed to explore the effects of the main mortality factors on population dynamics. The results showed that the total mortalities of two generations of M. phoebe (89% in the 2002-2003 generation, and 80% in the 2003-2004 generation) were higher than those of E. aurinia (59% and 72% respectively). For M. phoebe, mortality due to grazing was the most important factor, especially during the post-hibernating larval period. The k  value for grazing was 0.559 and 0.167 respectively during the two generations. Even in the small populations, the parasitoids caused some post-diapause larvae (4% and 9% for the two generations respectively) and pupae (13% and 24%) to death. For E. aurinia, mortality during hibernation was the highest and the k value for the two generations was 0.073 and 0.199 respectively, which was influenced by host plant quality. In contrast, parasitoids had little effect on the population regulation, because only 4% of the post-diapause larvae and 7% of the pupae were dead due to parasitoids in the 2003-2004 generation. These results suggested that different conservation strategies should be taken for the two butterflies. For M. phoebe, to decrease grazing, especially its effects on the source population during the post-hibernating larval group stage, is crucial for its population restoration and growth. For E. aurinia, however, improvement of the host plant quality by habitat managements in breeding areas, which could increase the survivorship during the hibernation period, is helpful for its long-term persistence and conservation. 

With the completion of sequencing of the genomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Bombyx mori, Apis mellifera， Anopheles gambiae, etc., proteomic technology has been an important tool to clarify their functions. This article reviewed the achievements obtained by application of differential proteomic technology to the fields containing insect induced immunity, resistance mechanism and molecular pathology:  (1) Changes in protein expression files in insect hemolymph and hemocyte cell line induced by bacteria, fungi or injecting; (2) Differential proteins in brush board membrane between Bt-resistant and susceptible insects or in salivary gland between resistant and susceptible sand fly to Leishmania chagasi; (3) Alteration in proteins between the insect treated by chemical pesticide or the hemolymph of insect induced by polydnavirus and control insect.  Finally, the problems and strategies of insect differential proteomics have been discussed.

House dust mites are one of the most important sources of indoor allergens. The demand for higher quality of indoor environment strengthens as the modern life style becomes more popular, so people pay more and more attention to the allergic diseases caused by environmental factors. This paper reviewed allergenic cross-reactivity between house dust mites and other mites, mollusks (snail),  crustaceans （shrimp）and insects (cockroach, silverfish, non-biting midges,caddisflies,silverfish, non-biting midges, caddisflies, etc.). The review will be helpful for clinical diagnosis of allergy.