【Aim】To understand the effects of habitat changes on the bacterial communities in the larval gut of chironomids by studying the diversity and potential function of bacterial communities in the gut of Propsilocerus akamusi, a pollution-resistant chironomid identified in the freshwater area of the heavy metal polluted Bohai Bay of Tianjin City. 【Methods】The 4th instar larvae of P. akamusi identified in the freshwater area of the heavy metal polluted Bohai Bay of Tianjin City were raised with distilled water in laboratory for 7 d as the laboratory-cultured group, and the bacterial genomic DNA in the 4th instar larval gut of P. akamusi from the laboratory-cultured group and the wild-captured group was extracted. The high-throughput sequencing of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA gene was carried out, and the sequencing results were subjected to data quality control, sequence alignment and filtering, the changes in the species composition of gut bacterial communities were analyzed and the potential functions of gut bacteria were predicted. 【Results】Based on the 16S rRNA sequencing results of the gut bacteria in the 4th instar larvae of P. akamusi, 11 phyla, 13 classes, 33 orders, 54 families, 71 genera, 90 species and 105 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were annotated. The diversity and abundance of bacterial communities in the 4th instar larval gut of P. akamusi in the laboratory-cultured group were lower than those in the wild-captured group. The dominant bacterial phyla in the 4th instar larval gut of the two groups were similar, including Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota and Desulfobacterota. The abundance of Proteobacteria in the 4th instar larval gut of the wild-captured group was significantly higher than that in the laboratory-cultured group. The average abundance of Aeromonas, Shewanella, Serratia, Pseudomonas and Yersinia in the 4th instar larval gut in the laboratory-cultured group was significantly lower than that in the wild-captured group. The results of linear discriminant analysis revealed that there were bacterial species with significantly different abundance in the 4th instar larval gut of P. akamusi between the wild-captured group and the laboratory-cultured group. The KEGG analysis results showed that the relative abundance of metabolism-related genes in the bacterial genome of the 4th instar larval gut of P. akamusi was extremely high. The relative abundance of genes related to environmental information processing and cellular processes in the gut bacterial genome of the 4th instar larva of P. akamusi in the laboratory-cultured group significantly decreased as compared to that in the wild-captured group.【Conclusion】The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences in the diversity of the gut bacterial communities and gene functions between P. akamusi larvae living in adverse field environments and those reared in laboratory pure water environments. This helps to study the individual resistance mechanisms of chironomids from an environmental perspective, provides a new idea for further exploring the mechanism of the symbiotic microorganisms in the gut of chironomid larvae to cope with environmental stress, and also lays a foundation for the study of the tolerance mechanism of insects in adverse environmental conditions and the regulatory mechanism of homeostasis of their gut microbial communities.

Insect symbionts are microorganisms that establish enduring and sustained associations with insect hosts. These microorganisms inhabit the body surface, gut, hemocoel, or intracellular cells of insects, participating in the regulation of various physiological functions of their host insects. Research on insect-symbiont interactions involves multidisciplinary collaboration. In-depth exploration of the functions of insect symbionts and their interactions with hosts not only advances our understanding of fundamental mechanisms in the life sciences but also introduces innovative perspectives and methods for pest management, vector-borne disease control, and optimal utilization of beneficial insects. In recent years, Chinese researchers have made noteworthy progress in the insect microbiome and got significant achievements in many research directions. In this article, we provided an overview of the most recent research progress in insect symbionts, introduced the main contents of this special issue, and proposed three noteworthy research directions: (1) the functions of insect intracellular symbionts; (2) the mechanisms by which insects regulate the abundance and transmission of symbionts; and (3) genetic modification and application of insect symbionts.

The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta, is native to South America and a quarantine pest in the world nowadays, which can reduce the yield of the main host crop tomato by 80%-100% in severe cases. In over a decade, this insect pest has invaded and spread from its origin to almost the entire continent of Asia, Africa and Europe, becoming a major threat to the world tomato industry. T. absoluta was discovered in Ili, Xinjiang in 2017 and spread to Yunnan, Gansu and other regions in a short time, greatly threatening the healthy development of the tomato industry and other related agricultural industries in China. Internationally, sex pheromone-based monitoring, mass trapping and mating disruption control have become one of the important  measures to control T. absoluta. In order to study the efficient and environmentally friendly population dynamics monitoring and control technology of T. absoluta, we summarized the research and application status of the sex pheromone in mornitoring, early warning and control of T. absoluta in this article. The females of T. absoluta release sex pheromones to attract males to mate mainly in the morning, and adult mating reaches the peak at 7:00 a.m. In 1995 and 1996, the major and minor components of the sex pheromone released from T. absoluta and their synthetic methods were reported successively. The major and minor components of this sex pheromone are (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrienyl acetate (TDTA) and (3E, 8Z)-tetradecadienyl acetate (TDDA), respectively, which constitute the sex pheromone in a ratio of about 90∶10. Bioassay results revealed that TDTA had a strong attraction to males, which could be further enhanced when its mixture with TDDA was used. In recent years, more efficient and convenient synthetic methods of sex pheromone components have been developed, providing good conditions for their large-scale production and application. At present, the sex pheromone of T. absoluta has been widely used in the control of this insect pest in the world, and good results have been achieved. Among the reported sex pheromone traps commonly used for monitoring and mass trapping this insect pest, the water basin trap and triangle trap are more effective. The common doses of sex pheromone contained in commercial lure core are 0.5, 0.8 and 3.0 mg. For field application, the corresponding trap type and sex pheromone dose should be selected according to the actual situation of habitat and growth stage of crops, damage degree, local natural conditions, etc. In addition, the mating disruption by using sex pheromone is also common in the control of T. absoluta, and its successful application requires a highly enclosed environment. Because sex pheromone has the advantages of high efficiency, safety and environmental protection in the monitoring and control of T. absoluta, its related research results can provide important reference for the sustainable control strategies and measures of this insect pest in China.

The South American tomato pinworm, Tuta absoluta, is a worldwide devastating pest on tomatoes. This insect pest invaded China in 2017 and showed a trend of spread, posing a serious threat to tomato production in China. Unreasonable use of insecticides for control of this insect pest has led to the increasing level of resistance and the decrease of control efficacy. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop novel green control technologies. Physical control trapping technique and olfactory behavior manipulation technique are important components of the integrated pest management program. In this article, the research progress of physical control trapping (light traps and color traps) and olfactory behavior manipulation (sex pheromone and plant volatiles) in T. absoluta were summarized. Color significantly affects the trapping efficiency of pheromone traps and sticky color traps. White, black and blue traps attract more T. absoluta adults in the field. The black light traps and LED traps with the wavelength of 470 nm have the best trapping efficiency on T. absoluta, and also have synergistic effects on sex pheromone. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta includes the major component (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrienyl acetate and the minor component (3E, 8Z)-tetradecadienyl acetate, in a ratio of ~9∶1. The optimal trapping blend for mass trapping is (3E, 8Z, 11Z)-tetradecatrienyl acetate and (3E, 8Z)-tetradecadienyl acetate in a ratio of 95∶5, and delta traps with sex pheromone lure show the highest trapping efficiency in comparison with other trap types. The sex pheromone of T. absoluta has been widely used for monitoring, mass trapping and mating disruption. Plant volatiles and traditional food attractant volatiles affect the host selection and oviposition of T. absoluta. Octyl acetate, phenylacetaldehyde+acetic acid blend, acetic acid+3-methyl-1-butanol blend, and a blend consisting of limonene, β-ocimene, α-terpinene, δ-elemene and (E)-β-caryophyllene show attractive activities to T. absoluta. p-Quinone, 2-carene, d-curcumene and 1,2-diethylbenzene in tomato can serve as oviposition stimulants to T. absoluta. By contrast, 1-fluorododecane, caryophyllene, curcumene, elemene, humulene, zingiberene, tridecan-2-one, undecan-2-one, (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate and methyl salicylate have adverse effects on host selection, oviposition or growth and development of T. absoluta. Finally, current problems of behavioral manipulation techniques of T. absoluta, such as unclear mechanisms, unstable effects, and lack of combined application technology with other green control strategies, were discussed, and potential research directions were prospected, which will provide a reference for the development of green control technologies based on insect behavioral manipulation in this pest.

【Aim】 Altitudinal gradient has an important impact on the distribution and maintenance of insect species. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for studying the impact of altitudinal gradient on insect distribution by exploring the variation law and distribution characteristics of species diversity of rove beetles at different altitudinal gradients in the reserve.【Methods】From May 2020 to April 2021, three kinds of passive acquisition devices, flight interception trap, Malaise trap and pitfall trap, were used in Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province, Central China to investigate the species of rove beetles at the altitudinal gradients of 500-800 m (Ⅰ), 800-1 100 m (Ⅱ), 1 100-1 400 m (Ⅲ) and 1 400-1 700 m (Ⅳ), and the species diversity, community structure similarity and species abundance of rove beetles at different altitudinal gradients were analyzed using Excel 2016 and past 3.【Results】From May 2020 to April 2021, we collected and recorded 2 135 rove beetles in Mangshan National Nature Reserve, Hunan Province, belonging to 9 subfamilies, 45 genera and 111 species, of which the number of species in Staphylininae was the most (25 genera and 63 species), and the numbers of species in Steninae and Oxytelinae were the least (both 1 genus and 1 species). The Shannon-Wiener diversity index, Mangalef richness index, Berger-Parker dominance index and Pielou’s evenness index of rove beetles were 3.8280, 2.3920, 0.1217 and 0.4140, respectively. There were differences in species diversity indexes of rove beetles at different altitudinal gradients. The species number, individual number, Shannon-Wiener diversity index and Margalef richness index of rove beetles at the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ were significantly higher than those at the altitudinal gradient Ⅰ. The species of rove beetles were poor and the dominant species were prominent at the altitudinal gradient Ⅰ, but the community structure was relatively stable. Altitudinal gradient Ⅱ was the transition gradient from low altitude to medium altitude. The species of rove beetles were rich, the community structure was complex, the dominant species were prominent and concentrated, and the community structure was relatively unstable at the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ. The species of rove beetles at the altitudinal gradient Ⅳ were relatively poor as compared with those at the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ. The similarity coefficient between the altitudinal gradient Ⅲ and altitudinal gradient Ⅳ was the highest, showing medium similarity, while those between other altitudinal gradients showed medium dissimilarity.【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that there are great differences in the distribution characteristics of rove beetles among different altitudinal gradients. Rove beetle species are poor and the community structure is single in low altitude areas. The medium altitude area is rich in rove beetle species, and has complex community structure and prominent dominant species. Compared with the medium altitude area, the high altitude area is relatively poor in rove beetle species. The similarity coefficient of rove beetle species between the medium-high altitude area and the high altitude area is the highest.

【Aim】To evaluate the toxicity and ecological risks of the formulations of seven neonicotinoid insecticides to the 7-spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata, so as to provide a reference for scientific use of neonicotinoid insecticides and protection of C. septempunctata.【Methods】The acute toxicity of the formulations of seven neonicotinoid insecticides, including 10% imidacloprid WP, 40% acetamiprid SP, 50% dinotefuran WP, 50% clothianidin WG, 40% imidaclothiz WG, 17% flupyradifurone SL and 25% thiamethoxam WG to the 2nd instar larvae of C. septempunctata was determined by using the method of residual film in glass tube, and the ecological risks of these insecticides were assessed. The solutions of the seven insecticides were prepared according to the maximum recommended field application rate, and sprayed on potted plants in the greenhouse to investigate the larval survival rate of C. septempunctata.【Results】The results of the indoor experiments showed that the acute toxicity of the seven neonicotinoid insecticides to the 2nd instar larvae of C. septempunctata was ranked in a descending order: 40% acetamiprid SP>40% imidaclothiz WG>10% imidacloprid WP>50% dinotefuran WP>50% clothianidin WG>25% thiamethoxam WG>17% flupyradifurone SL. The pot experiment in the greenhouse showed that the larval survival rates of C. septempunctata at 7 d after treatment with the seven insecticides at the maximum recommended field application rate were 10.00%-77.50%, and the highest larval survival rate of C. septempunctata was tested in the treatment with 25% thiamethoxam WG, while the lowest survival rate was observed in the treatment with 40% imidaclothiz WG. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that for a single application, the risk of 40% acetamiprid SP was unacceptable with the hazard quotient value in the farm (HQ_in) of more than 5, and those of the other pesticides were acceptable with the HQ_in values of less than 5. The hazard quotient values for crop or vegetable field outside the farm (HQ_{off crop or vegetable}) and for fruit tree garden outside the farm (HQ_{off fruit tree}) of these insecticides to C. septempunctata were less than 5, indicating that the risk is acceptable. After the second spray after 7 d, the risks of 40% acetamiprid SP and 50% dinotefuran WP were unacceptable with the HQ_in values of more than 5, and those of the other insecticides were acceptable with the HQ_in values of less than 5. The HQ_{off crop or vegetable} and HQ_{off fruit tree} values of the other insecticides except 40% acetamiprid SP were less than 5, indicating that the risks of these insecticides are acceptable.【Conclusion】Acetamiprid and dinotefuran should not be used twice continuously and be used in rotation in order to avoid harm to C. septempunctata.

 Unmovable cultural relics are important physical materials that reflect the development of social productivity and social life in the past. They are important research objects for cultural relics, with extremely high historical, artistic and scientific values. Unmovable cultural relics suffer from various deterioration effects for being outdoors. Biodeterioration caused by pests is one of the important reasons for cultural relics damage. Among unmovable cultural relics, ancient buildings, murals and earthen sites are particularly affected by insect pests. According to the classification of cultural relics, we expounded on the main types and mechanisms of insect pests in ancient buildings, murals and earthen sites, and summarized the current methods of pest control in these cultural relics in this article. Physical and chemical control methods are traditionally used to prevent and control pests in cultural relics. The chemical methods are rapid and highly effective ways to kill insects, but chemical agents have brought great pollution to the ecological environment, and the vulnerability of cultural relics restricts the use of chemical insecticides. At present, many long-acting and environment-friendly green insecticides have greatly improved traditional chemical methods. In addition, biological control methods that use biological natural enemies or parasitic organisms to control pests not only have small impacts on the ecosystem but also have a long-lasting effect, which is a hotspot in research on new pest control. However, whether the new species used to control the pests will do harm to cultural relics needs to be further studied. Pest control of cultural relics is a cross-research field, and the methods in architecture, agriculture and other fields have great enlightening significance and reference value. Finally, we discussed and prospected the current situation of common pest control research of unmovable cultural relics, hoping to provide a reference for the research of pest control in cultural relics.

 The red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta, is a primary invasive pest in China. Currently, scientific researches, control strategies and policy regulations regarding S. invicta mainly focus on the filed of agriculture in China. Although S. invicta is also widely distributed in forests, grasslands, wetlands and urban green spaces and has caused huge damage, the occurrence characteristics and control strategies of S. invicta in these areas are largely overlooked. The occurence of S. invicta is closely associated with human disturbances such as felling, burning and soil turning, and natural factors such as biodiversity, forest canopy density and soil bareness. Due to the low levels of biological diversity and forest canopy density and high levels of human disturbances, there is a high risk of S. invicta invasion in plantation forests and adjacent areas. In natural forests, S. invicta is usually distributed in forest edges and windows, as well as burned areas where the sunlight can directly irradiate. Moreover, nurseries and urban green spaces have a high risk of S. invicta invasion because of large areas of bare soil and high levels of human activities. In areas with high levels of human activities, including plantation forests, nurseries and urban green spaces, S. invicta mainly threatens human health and infrastructure, and directly or indirectly damages trees. In addition, the invasion of S. invicta significantly decreases the abundance and diversity of arthropods in habitats and poses significant threats to wildlife in natural reserves and wetlands. Although it has been reported that S. invicta contributes to promoting seed migration and enhancing soil nutrient circulation under certain conditions, its harmful impacts far exceed its potential beneficial effects. Quarantine, monitoring and control are three important aspects to prevent S. invicta invasion in forestry. Wood, seedlings with soil, and turf are the main objects that may carry S. invicta and need to be quarantined, and fumigation can effectively eliminate S. invicta. Baiting and trapping are the main methods to monitor S. invicta. Recently, some new technologies, including remote sensing and radar technology, also have been developed to monitor S. invicta in grasslands and urban green spaces. Although chemical control is the most predominant control strategy for S. invicta, the use of highly toxic, broad spectrum and hardly degradable insecticides may negatively affect non-target organisms in natural reserves and wetlands. Therefore, it is essential to develop environmentally friendly agents and methods to control S. invicta.

 【Aim】 As carnivorous insects preying on spiders, different species of Trypoxylon possess obviously different nesting strategies. This study aims to clarify the morphological characteristics and nesting behavior of T. melanocorne, so as to reveal the nesting and survival strategies of Trypoxylon. 【Methods】Man-made nest-trap boxes were set up by choosing different habitats in the Yugong Forest Farm and Nanshan Forest Farm in Jiyuan City, Henan Province, Central China from 2019 to 2020, and then the trap-nests that were nested by T. melanocorne adults were regularly collected. The internal structure data of the trap-nests were measured by dissecting trap-nests, and the development of offspring was observed and the parasitic enemies were collected in the laboratory. 【Results】 A total of 111 trap-nests nested by T. melanocorne adults were collected in the Yugong Forest Farm and Nanshan Forest Farm in Jiyuan City, Henan Province during 2019-2020, and 511 brood cells were dissected. The average number of eggs laid by females in a single trap-nest was 4.60±2.39 grains, and the majority of offspring was female (female to male ratio=2∶1). The average length of nests and length of brood cells were (123.38±46.45) and (16.01±5.57) mm, respectively. The numbers of intercalary cells and nests with vestibular cells accounted for 5.04% and 6.09%, respectively, of the total number of cells. The number of brood cells was significantly affected by the length of nests, and the length of cells of females was significantly longer than that of males. Two parasitic enemies of T. melanocorne, Trichrysis pellucida (Chrysidoidae) and Amobia quatei (Sarcophagidae) were found, with the parasitism rates of 196% and 1.57%, respectively. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that the population size of T. melanocorne distributed in the two forest farms in the southern Taihang Mountains, Henan Province is small, female progeny are more numerous than males, and one of the reasons for the small population size probably is low adult eclosion rate and sex ratio imbalance.

【Aim】To elucidate the function of Niemann-Pick type C2 protein of Varroa destructor (VdesNPC2b) in host recognition by analyzing the binding properties and mechanisms of VdesNPC2b with the larval pheromones methyl oleate and β-ocimene of the host bees of V. destructor, so as to provide a theoretical basis for biological control of V. destructor. 【Methods】 The open reading frame (ORF) of VdesNPC2b was amplified and analyzed using bioinformatics. The prokaryotic expression vector was constructed based on pET-30a plasmid. The recombinant VdesNPC2b protein was obtained by prokaryotic expression and affinity column chromatography. The binding capacities of VdesNPC2b with the larval pheromones of bees methyl oleate and β-ocimene were analyzed by fluorescence competitive binding experiment, and the binding mechanism of them was analyzed by measuring the binding capacity change at two different temperatures (22 and 32 ℃) through fluorescence spectrum temperature variation experiment. The homologous modeling of VdesNPC2b was performed by SWISS-MODEL software, and the molecular docking simulation of VdesNPC2b and β-ocimene was performed by MVD to preliminarily analyze the key amino acid sites in the binding of VdesNPC2b and β-ocimene. 【Results】 The ORF of VdesNPC2b (GenBank no.: OR463903) is 531 bp in full-length, encoding 176 amino acids. VdesNPC2b has a signal peptide of 16 amino acid residues at the N-terminus. The fluorescent competitive binding assay result showed that the dissociation constant K _D values of VdesNPC2b with methyl oleate and βocimene were 2.89 and 3.49 μmol/L, respectively, with the binding process of dynamic quenching, and the main driving forces maintaining the interaction between VdesNPC2b and methyl oleate and β-ocimene was hydrophobic force. Homologous modeling showed that the secondary structure of VdesNPC2b is β-sheet, and forms a potential external cavity. Leu68, Ile103 and Phe107 could be the key amino acid sites to maintain a stable form of the binding of VdesNPC2b and β-ocimene. 【Conclusion】 V. destructor may use VdesNPC2b binding long-chain brood ester pheromone methyl oleate and volatile β-ocimene to locate and identify host honey bee.

【Aim】 Blister beetles belonging to the family Meloidae within the order Coleoptera, are a series of resource insects with great medicinal value. The larval oligophagous and specialized feeding on locust eggs severely restricts their artificial rearing and the utilization and development of cantharidin. The larval obsession for food was universally acknowledged and proven by many studies, but we found through our rearing experiences that their feeding specialization gradually decreases during the whole larval stage. 【Methods】We conducted a large-scale rearing experiment and physiological and ecological analyses, determined the larval survival rate, pupation rate, adult eclosion rate, dry weight of mature larvae, growth amount, larval growth rate, larval duration, pupal duration, and number of eggs laid per female of Hycleus cichorii from various treatment groups (substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet from the 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th instars, i.e. 1st-4th instar groups, respectively) and the control group (fed with locust eggs throughout the larval stage), then compared the growth, development and adult reproduction of grouped meloids to verify the feeding adaptation of H. cichorii larvae to the non-preferred food and figure out the adaptive pattern to the nutritional stress. 【Results】After substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet, the 1st instar group had a significantly lower survival rate than the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar groups and the control group, and a zero pupation rate. Moreover, after substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet, the 1st instar group had significantly lower larval growth rate and dry weight of mature larvae, and longer larval duration than the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar groups and the control group. There was no significant difference in the survival rate among the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar groups, but the pupation rate and adult eclosion rate gradually increased with instars increasing. After substituting locust eggs by the artificial diet, the larval growth rate and dry weight of mature larvae increased, and the larval duration shortened with instars increasing. 【Conclusion】 The results of this study suggest that the 1st instar larvae of H. cichorii can not adapt to the non-preferred food, while the older instar larvae manifest a stepwise improving feeding adaptation with instars. This study demonstrates that the food specialist H. cichorii larvae possess a staged adaptation to nutritional stress. The detailed pattern of changing feeding adaptability provides theoretical feasibility for the complete artificial rearing of H. cichorii larvae and will contribute to the studies on the artificial rearing and resource utilization of medicinal meloids.

【Aim】 The effects of chronic exposure to the sublethal concentration (LC₂₀) of dinotefuran on the growth and development of Sitobion avenae were studied in order to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific use of dinotefuran to control S. avenae and delaying the development of the resistance to the pesticide and extending the useful life of pesticide. 【Methods】 The LC₂₀ of dinotefuran to the 3rd instar nymphs of S. avenae was determined by using the leaf-dip method andusedforchronic exposure on S.
avenae for 15 generations. The resistance ratio of S. avenae to dinotefuran was determined, the developmental duration, reproduction and survival rates of S. avenae of two successive generations which were raised with wheat seedlings in test tube were recorded, and the body length, body width and body weight of adults of F₀ generation were measured. The differences in the body length, body width, body weight, survival rate, adult longevity and number of offspring produced between lowly resistant strain of various generations and the susceptible strain were analyzed by population specific life table and DPS software. 【Results】 After chronic exposure to LC₂₀ of dinotefuran for 15 generations, the resistance of S. avenae reached low level (6.54-fold). The developmental duration of the 2nd, 3rd and 4th instar nymph of F₀ generation of the lowly resistant strain was significantly longer than that of the susceptible strain, and the body length, body width and body weight of F₀ generation of adults of the lowly resistant strain were significantly increased, but the number of offspring produced per adult and adult longevity of F₀ generation of the lowly resistant strain were significantly reduced or shortened as compared to those of the susceptible strain. The adult survival rate, number of offspring produced per adult and adult longevity of F₁ generation of the lowly resistant strain were significantly reduced, the 2nd instar nymphal duration and nymphal duration of F₁ generation of the lowly resistant strain were significantly shortened as compared to those of the susceptible strain. The net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (R_m) and finite rate of increase (λ) of F₀ and F₁ generations of the lowly resistant strain were significantly lower than those of the susceptible strain, while the population doubling time (DT) of F₀ and F₁ generations and the mean generation time (T) of F₁ generation of the lowly resistant strain were significantly prolonged as compared to those of the susceptible strain. 【Conclusion】 Chronic exposure to LC₂₀ of dinotefuran results in the increase in the resistance of S. avenae to dinotefuran and individual size of adults of F₀ generation, while inhibits the longevity and fecundity of F₀ and F₁ generations of S. avenae.
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The collective set of odors received by insects is called as insect odorscape. Insects rely on the reception and discrimination of the odorscape to complete life activities, such as the object localization, feeding, mating and oviposition. The behavior of insects can be manipulated by odorscape management for pest control strategy. In this article, we reviewed the research progress in the composition and diffusion of insect odorscape, influences of odorscape on insect behavior, factors affecting odorscape, odorscape reception and discrimination of insects, and the application of odorscape management in pest control. Finally, we analyzed and prospected the development direction and research focus of insect odorscape management in the future. For insects, the odor released by target is dispersed into plumes by air flow and mixed with the background odor carried in the air, which together form the odorscape. Insects search and locate the target along the target odor. The behavior of insects can be affected by the shape, composition and concentration of target odors. The background odor plays a complementary or warning role during the target localization of insects. Different background odors can synergize or interfere with the target localization of insects. The insect odorscape is mainly affected by the temperature, humidity, light, heavy metal elements and plant diseases and insect pests in the environment. Studies showed that the olfactory receptors of insects capture odorscape and transmit those odor signals to olfactory nerve centers such as antennal sensilla lobe along the olfactory nerves. Then, the odorscape is analyzed in the nerve centers by the mode of elemental processing or configural processing. The influences of background odor on insect target localization may be the results of the reciprocal addition, competitive binding or signal crosstalk of different odor molecules during the olfactory sensing and coding. At present, several kinds of green pest control technologies have been developed based on the odorscape management, such as insect behavior regulators, exogenous elicitors, breeding the crop varieties that can release resistant volatiles, “push-pull” technology and plant-mediated support system for natural enemies. In the future, it is necessary to further explore the behavioral, electrophysiological and neurological mechanisms of odorscape discrimination in insects, and optimize and integrate the green control technologies related to odorscape management, so as to build rational and efficient odorscape for insect pest control.

【Aim】 To reveal the role of the superoxide dismutase genes in Liposcelis bostrychophila in response to high and low temperature stresses. 【Methods】The cDNAs of three superoxide dismutase genes Cu/Zn-SOD1, Cu/Zn-SOD2 and Fe/Mn-SOD of L. bostrychophila were cloned by RT-PCR, and their sequence characteristics were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. RT-qPCR was used to detect the relative expression levels of Cu/Zn-SOD1, Cu/Zn-SOD2 and Fe/Mn-SOD in adults at 0, 1 and 2 h under high temperature (42 ℃) and low temperature (4 ℃) stresses. 【Results】 LbCu/Zn-SOD1, LbCu/Zn-SOD2 and LbFe/Mn-SOD (GenBank accession numbers are OQ938782, OQ938783 and OQ938784, respectively) of L. bostrychophila were cloned, with the open reading frames (ORFs) of 465, 630 and 636 bp in length, encoding 154, 209 and 211 amino acids with the relative molecular weights of 15.85, 22.33 and 23.72 kD, and the isoelectric points of 6.17, 7.68 and 6.79, respectively. LbCu/Zn-SOD1 and LbCu/Zn-SOD2 had one and two Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase signatures, respectively. LbFe/Mn-SOD had one Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase signature. The results of phylogenetic analysis showed that Cu/Zn-SOD1, Cu/Zn-SOD2 and Fe/Mn-SOD were highly conserved in insects. The expression of LbCu/Zn-SOD1, LbCu/Zn-SOD2 and LbFe/Mn-SOD in adults of L. bostrychophila was induced by high temperature42 ℃ stress, and the expression levels of LbCu/Zn-SOD1 and LbCu/Zn-SOD2 inadults of L. bostrychophila were significantly higher than that of the control at 1 and 2 h. The expression level of LbFe/Mn-SOD in adults of L. bostrychophila was significantly lower than that of the control at 1 h and significantly higher than that of the control at 2 h under42 ℃stress. There was no significant difference in the expression levels of LbCu/Zn-SOD1 and LbCu/Zn-SOD2 inadults of L. bostrychophila at 1 h, while that of LbFe/Mn-SOD decreased significantly at 1 h and those of LbCu/Zn-SOD1, LbCu/Zn-SOD2 and LbFe/Mn-SOD increased significantly at 2 h under 4 ℃stress as compared with that of the control. 【Conclusion】 The superoxide dismutase genes LbCu/Zn-SOD1, LbCu/Zn-SOD2 and LbFe/Mn-SOD are involved in the tolerance of L. bostrychophila to extreme temperature stress.

【Aim】 To analyze the differences in the midgut bacterial composition among different varieties of Bombyx mori with different vitalities and cocoon shell ratios, and their effects on the related traits such as vitality and cocoon shell ratio. 【Methods】 Based on the results of the long-term feeding survey on B. mori resource, the variety 932G with high vitality and the variety 2041J with high silk yield were selected as experimental materials, the midguts of the 5th instar larva and pupa were collected, and the 16S rDNA sequences of the midgut bacteria were sequenced and analyzed by the high-throughput sequencing platform to compare the differences in the composition and function of the midgut bacteria between different varieties and different developmental stages of B. mori. 【Results】 A total of 399 and 453 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of the midgut bacteria were obtained from 932G and 2041J at the 5th instar larval stage, and 138 and 162 OTUs of the midgut bacteria were obtained from 932G and 2041J at the pupal stage, respectively. The dominant phyla of the midgut bacteria of B. mori at the 5th instar larval stage were Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteriota, and the dominant genus was Methylobacterium with the highest abundance, followed by Staphylococcus. However, there were significant differences in the relative abundance of some genera between the two varieties. The relative abundance of some genera including Devosia, Ralstonia, Nitrospira, Brachybacterium, Rothia, Lawsonella etc. in the midgut of the 5th instar larva of 932G was significantly higher than that in the midgut of the 5th instar larva of 2041J. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas, Methylobacterium, Acinetobscter, Cloacibacterium, Leuconostoc, Propionibacteriaceae, Psychrobacter, Sphingobium, Bacteroides etc. in the midgut of the 5th instar larva of 2041J was significantly higher than that in the midgut of the 5th instar larva of 932G. There were 77% and 78% functional genes in the midgut bacteria of the 5th instar larvae of 932G and 2041J enriched on the metabolic pathways of KEGG, respectively, followed by those of the function genes enriched on the environmental information processing and genetic information processing. The proportions of the midgut bacterial communities involved in nitrate reduction, nitrogen respiration, nitrate respiration, nitrite respiration and nitrogen fixation in the 5th instar larva of 932G were higher than those in 2041J. The proportions of the midgut bacterial communities involved in chemical heterotrophic, urea decomposition and methanol oxidation in the 5th instar larva of 2041J were higher than those in the 5th instar larva of 932G. The difference in the midgut bacterial composition between the 5th instar larva and pupa was significant. Erwinia of Proteobacteria in the midgut of the pupa was the dominant genus, and there was no significant difference in the relative abundance of Erwinia between the two varieties at the pupal stage. The relative abundance of functional genes involved in amino acid transport and metabolism, extracellular secretion and transport, carbohydrate transport and metabolism, and inorganic salt transport and metabolism of the midgut bacteria in the pupa was significantly higher than that in the 5th instar larva of 932G.【Conclusion】 There were significant differences in the midgut bacterial composition and predicted function between the varieties 932G with high vitality and 2041J with high silk yield of B. mori at the 5th instar larval stage. The composition and function of the midgut bacteria of B. mori at the pupal stage were significantly different from those of B. mori at the 5th instar larval stage, and there was no significant difference in the relative abundance of midgut bacteria between the two varieties at the pupal stage. These research results can provide a reference for further exploring the role of gut microorganisms in stress resistance, drug resistance, disease resistance, protein synthesis and transformation of B. mori and variety breeding.

【Aim】 The effective coordination between symbiont and host insect innate immunity is an important physiological basis for maintaining their reciprocal relationship. Rickettsia is a dominant symbiont in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. The aim of this study is to investigate the regulation of Rickettsia on the expression of the immune genes of B. tabaci adults at different day-old ages. 【Methods】 The expression levels of immune key factor lysozyme gene BtLyz1 and defensin gene Btdef in adult B. tabaci lines with 100% infection, 45.83% infection and no infection by the symbiont Rickettsia were detected and compared, respectively, using qRT-PCR. The expression levels of BtLyz1 and Btdef, apoptosis gene BtCaspase and Rickettsia 16S rRNA gene in 100% Rickettsia-infected adults newly emerged within 24 h and adults at the 3-7-day-old and over 15-day-old were detected, respectively, using qRT-PCR. The correlations between the expression level of 16S rRNA gene of Rickettsia and the expression levels of BtLyz1 and Btdef in B. tabaci adults at different day-old ages were analyzed. 【Results】 The expression levels of BtLyz1 and Btdef in B. tabaci adults infected with the symbiont Rickettsia were significantly increased as compared to those in B. tabaci adults non-infected with Rickettsia. The highest expression level of BtCaspase was observed in B. tabaci adults at over 15-day-old infected with Rickettsia. The expression levels of Rickettsia 16S rRNA gene, BtLyz1 and Btdef  in the 3-7-day-old adults of B. tabaci were significantly higher than those in adults newly emerged within 24 h and at over 15-day-old. The expression level of Rickettsia 16S rRNA gene was significantly positively correlated with the expression levels of BtLyz1 and Btdef in B. tabaci adults newly emerged within 24 h and at the 3-7-day-old, while there was no correlation between the expression level of Rickettsia 16S rRNA gene and the expression levels of BtLyz1 and Btdef in adults at over 15-day-old. 【Conclusion】 The symbiont Rickettsia can upregulate the expression levels of immune-related genes in the host B. tabaci. However, this regulatory effect decreases significantly when the host becomes aging.

 Insects are the most abundant and widespread group of animals in the world that harbor complex and diverse gut microbes. Different insects differ in gut structure, gut environment, edibility, age and external environment, and the composition and abundance of gut microbes also show difference. Insect gut microbes are mainly transferred vertically and horizontally between populations and individuals, and play a vital role in nutrient metabolism, physiological behaviour, defence, detoxification and many other functions in insect hosts. Insect gut microbes can be isolated from culture media by in vitro culture methods and rapidly identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) and sequencing technologies such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The combination of metagenomics, proteomics, metabolomics and other omics technologies makes the identification and functional prediction of gut microbes more efficient. Microbial functions can be more accurately verified by in vitro experiments, microbial supplementation, microbiota transplantation and silencing of genes associated with microbial members. Sterile insects can be obtained by high temperature treatment, lysozyme treatment, sterile feeding and antibiotic treatment for functional verification experiments. However, the most widely used antibiotic method still has limitations in application. By exploiting the characteristics of gut microbes, genetic engineering of symbiotic bacteria can be used to control pests and insect-borne infectious diseases. At present, insect gut microbes play an important role in the fields of ecology, economy, energy and environmental protection. With the development and integration of new technologies, more insect-microbe interaction mechanisms will be revealed, and pest control methods through insect gut microbes will become more diverse, environmentally friendly and efficient.

【Aim】 Atrijuglans hetaohei, an important fruit pest of Juglans regia, is widely distributed among the main producing areas (Beijing, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Sichuang, etc.) of J. regia inChina, seriously affecting the yield and quality of J. regia and causing serious economic losses. This study aims to investigate the genetic differentiation and geographic distribution characteristics of A. hetaohei, clarify its genetic structure among different geographical populations, understand the population dispersal pattern, and provide theoretical guidance for the prevention and control of this pest insect. 【Methods】 Based on the transcriptome sequencing result of A. hetaohei, the polymorphic microsatellite markers were selected using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and capillary electrophoresis typing methods to analyze the population genetic diversity of319 A. hetaohei individual samples from 16 populations in eight provinces/city (Beijing, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan). Population genetic structure of A. hetaohei was analyzed using STRUCTURE and BAPS software, and the factors that affect the geographical distribution of A. hetaohei were also explored. 【Results】 Nine SSR loci of A. hetaohei exhibited high polymorphism, most of them did not deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The genetic diversity of A. hetaohei geographical populations was medium low (effective number of alleles Ne: 1.334－1.824; expected heterozygosity He: 0.203－0.342), the genetic differentiation between populations was small (genetic differentiation coefficient F_ST<0.142), and the gene flow among populations was significantly different (Nm: 1.518－23.800). There was a significant correlation (R²=0.226) between the degree of genetic differentiation and geographical distance among the populations. Sixteen geographical populations of A. hetaohei could be divided into two lineages (eastern and western lineages). AMOVA analysis showed a relatively small genetic variation among A. hetaohei populations, and population variation mainly originated from that within populations. The values of the fixation indice F_CT within A. hetaohei populations ranged from 0.03941 to 0.06449, indicating that geographical barriers and climatic differences were not the main factors affecting the genetic structure and geographical distribution pattern of A. hetaohei populations.【Conclusion】 A. hetaohei populations have a medium low genetic diversity, and a low level of genetic differentiation and a significantly different gene flow between populations. In view of the special life history and unique biological characteristics of A. hetaohei, combining with the population genetic structure analysis result, we speculate that rivers form a stronger blocking effect on the gene flow of the geographical populations of A. hetaohei than mountains. As a major pest of economic tree, human activities are possibly the main factor which affects the geographical distribution of A. hetaohei populations.

Rice, as a major staple crop in China, is directly threatened by disease and pest infestations, which jeopardize its safe production. Rice pests are diverse, and their outbreak mechanisms are complex, making the development of green control technologies challenging. Indepth research into rice pest monitoring and early warning technologies, developmental and reproductive regulation mechanisms, chemical communication mechanisms, and novel control technologies not only helps elucidate the outbreak mechanisms of rice pests but also provides new effective control targets and techniques for integrated pest management. In recent years, Chinese scholars have made significant progress in the field of rice pest research, gaining important achievements in multiple research directions, and some recent research findings were presented in this special issue. In this article, we outline the latest progresses in rice pest research at home and abroad, introduce the main research contents of this special issue, and propose the following three research directions worthy of further attention: (1) intelligent monitoring and early warning of rice pests; (2) mechanisms and evolution patterns of rice pest outbreaks; and (3) exploration of green control targets for rice pests and the construction and application of sustainable control systems.

 Apis cerana cerana is a critical and important pollinator in China. This bee species has a wide distribution in various habitats, and exhibits several advantages as pollinator, e.g., agility in flight, long nectar gathering period and strong adaptability. However, in recent years, A. c. cerana has been facing an unprecedented decline in population diversity. In order to protect the genetic resources of these specific populations, researchers studied the physiology and mechanism of genetic differentiation and environmental adaptation in A. c. cerana based on geometric morphology, molecular biology and genomics technologies. Meanwhile, the diverse populations of A. c. cerana in China provided rich materials for analyzing their adaptive evolution. In this article, we summarized the research progress from the four aspects: The correlation between population genetic differentiation and environmental changes, the morphological variation and environmental adaptation, the enviroment-adaptive physiological and behavioral changes, and the genetic mechanisms behind these phenotypic changes of A. c. cerana populations. Previous studies showed that changes in physical barriers and ecological environment, especially those related to altitude and latitude, were the main reasons for the differentiation of A. c. cerana populations. Among the climatic factors, temperature, oxygen, radiation and humidity had important effects on the morphological development and eco-physiological traits of A. c. cerana. The morphological changes were mainly explained by variation in body size and color. Changes in metabolic physiology and behaviors have been evolved as a crucial adaption strategy. Population genetics and genomics based on modern genomics and molecular biology techniques showed that genes and pathways related to social division of labor, learning and perceiving behavior, information perception, growth and development, thermal adaptation and metabolism are subject to natural selection. These findings provide molecular evidence for the ability of A. c. cerana to adapt to different habitats and the evolution of bee species. However, the specific molecular evolution mechanisms for the environmental adaption of bees await further investigation. Our review on the mechanisms of genetic differentiation and environmental adaption of A. c. cerana will deepen our understanding of the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of ancient bee species, and lay a foundation for further studies on the adaptive mechanisms of social insects to different environments and the development of effective conservation strategies.

【Aim】 To sequence and analyze the complete mitochondrial genome (mtgemome) of Campsiura mirabilis, and to discuss the phylogenetic relationship of the family Scarabaeidae based on mtgenome sequences. 【Methods】 The whole mtgenome of C. mirabilis was firstly sequenced on the Illumina Hiseq X Ten platform, and the gene structure characteristics and base composition of the C. mirabilis mtgenome were analyzed. Combined with the 54 mtgemome sequences published in GenBank, the selection pressure of protein-coding genes (PCGs) in the mtgenome of 55 species in Scarabaeidae was analyzed. The phylogenetic tree of Scarabaeidae was constructed with Lucanus mazama in Lucanidae as the outgroup based on PCG and rRNA gene sequences using maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI) methods. 【Results】 The full-length of the C. mirabilis mtgenome (GenBank accession no.: MT548771) is 16 123 bp, including 13 PCGs, 22 tRNA genes, 2 rRNA genes and a Dloop region (control region), without gene rearrangement. All the 22 tRNA genes show the typical cloverleaf secondary structure except for the absence of DHU arm of trnS1. The base composition of the mtgenome of C. mirabilis shows a higher AT content with the positive AT-skew and negative GC-skew. The K_a/K_s values of PCGs of Scarabaeidae are all less than 1, indicating that all of these 13 PCGs have experienced purifying selection. The phylogenetic relationship in Scarabaeidae based on the sequences of the 13 PCGs and 2 rRNA genes was: ((Aphodiinae+Scarabaeinae)+(Melolonthinae+(Cetoniinae+(Rutelinae+Dynastinae)))). 【Conclusion】 In this study we sequenced and analyzed the mtgenome of C. mirabili, and analyzed the phylogenetic relationship of Scarabaeidae. Our results indicate that the subfamilies of Scarabaeinae, Cetoniinae, Rutelinae, Dynastinae and Melolonthinae are monophyletic groups.

【Aim】To observe the ovarian developmental progress and formulate ovarian developmental grading criteria of Conopomorpha sinensis, explore the influence of mating on the ovarian developmental progress and fecundity. 【Methods】 The newly eclosed female and male adults of C. sinensis were paired in a 1∶1 ratio and reared. The female ovaries were dissected daily, and the mating experience was judged according to the characteristics of the bursa copulatrix. The characteristics of fat body, length of ovarioles, total number of egg chambers and number of mature eggs of mated and unmated females were recorded for grading the ovarian development progress. The newly eclosed female and male adults paired in a 1∶1 ratio, and newly eclosed female adults that were individually reared were used as the mated group and unmated group, respectively, and the pre-oviposition period, oviposition period, number of eggs laid per female and female adult longevity were counted in the two groups.【Results】 The ovarian development of C. sinensis could be divided into five stages, including yolk deposition prophase (stage Ⅰ), yolk deposition phase (stage Ⅱ), egg maturation phase (stage Ⅲ), peak phase of oviposition (stage Ⅳ) and terminal phase of oviposition (stage Ⅴ). Only the ovaries of the mated female adults could completely develop. Otherwise, the ovaries of the unmated female adults only developed into the yolk deposition phase (stage Ⅱ). The preoviposition period, oviposition period, number of eggs laid per female and female adult longevity in the mated group were 3.82 d, 11.23 d, 176.42 grains and 16.35 d, respectively. The female adults in the unmated group could not lay eggs for life, and the female adult longevity in the unmated group was 20.48 d. 【Conclusion】 The ovarian development of C. sinensis adults can be divided into five stages. However, mating is a prerequisite for the completion of ovarian development of the female adult. The ovarian development of the unmated female adults terminates after reaching stage Ⅱ. The fecundity of the mated female adults is significantly higher than that of the unmated females, and the unmated females can not lay any eggs for life.

Lures can stimulate the behavioral responses of fruit flies to a certain extent and play an important role in the green prevention and control of fruit flies. As one of the most important lures, and coming from some plant volatiles or parapheromones, male lures of fruit flies have a significant attractive effect on male fruit flies. Male fruit flies will not only be attracted by the smell of male lures but also feed on the lures, which will be metabolized into different substances in male adults, and then play the corresponding function. In this review, combined with the studies on the feeding effects, we reviewed the research progress of six male lures of fruit flies, namely methyl eugenol, raspberry ketone, zingerone, cuelure, 3-hydroxy-α-ionone and β-caryophyllene, and their metabolism, mainly including the feeding behavior and metabolic changes of male fruit flies, the influence of feeding effect on the behavioral responses of fruit flies, the attractive effect of male fruit flies fed on lures on female and male fruit flies, and the change of mating success rate. In the exploration of the feeding effect, rectal gland is the focus of pheromone isolation and storage, and the waxy, water-resistant film composed of hydrocarbons covering insect body surface is also a potential focus of research. At the same time, exploring the role of antennae and maxillary palp in the lure perception process of fruit flies will help to reveal the complex mechanism behind feeding phenomenon more comprehensively and profoundly. It is expected to provide new ideas and guidelines for the development of fruit fly lures and add more diversified means and approaches for the green ecological prevention and control of fruit flies.

【Aim】 To clarify the defense mechanism of Ostrinia furnacalis against cadmium and chlorantraniliprole, and to evaluate the cumulative effects of heavy metals and pesticide pollution on insects. 【Methods】 The newly hatched larvae of O. furnacalis were fed with the artificial diet containing 5 mg/kg cadmium, 0.003 mg/kg chlorantraniliprole and 5 mg/kg cadmium+0.003 mg/kg chlorantraniliprole, respectively, and those fed with the normal artificial diet were used as the control. The developmental duration, body weight, adult emergence rate and abnormal pupal rate were recorded, and the activities of detoxification enzymes including glutathione-S-transferase (GST), carboxylesterase (CarE) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in O. furnacalis at different developmental stages (3rd instar larva, female and male pupae, and female and male adults) were detected. 【Results】 Cadmium (5 mg/kg), chlorantraniliprole (0.003 mg/kg), and their combined treatment (5 mg/kg cadmium+0.003 mg/kg chlorantraniliprole) had effects on the growth and development of O. furnacalis. In chlorantraniliprole treatment group, the larval duration of O. furnacalis was the longest, significantly prolonged by 7.1 d as compared to that in the control group, and the pupal weight, adult weight and adult emergence rate of O. furnacalis were the lowest, significantly decreased by 9.1 mg, 2.4 mg and 25.5% as compared with those in the control group. In cadmium+chlorantraniliprole treatment group, the larval duration of O. furnacalis was 4.9 d shorter than that in chlorantraniliprole treatment group, and the abnormal pupal rate was the highest, significantly increased by 19.4% as compared to that in the control group. The adult duration of O. furnacalis in cadmium+chlorantraniliprole treatment group was the shortest, significantly reduced by 1.6 d as compared to that in the control group. Cadmium, chlorantraniliprole and cadmium+chlorantraniliprole had effects on the detoxification enzyme activities in O. furnacalis. Compared with the control, cadmium, chlorantraniliprole and cadmium+chlorantraniliprole showed inducing effects on the GST activities in the 3rd instar larvae, female and male pupae and male adults of O. furnacalis, and the GST activities in different developmental stages of O. furnacalis in cadmium+chlorantraniliprole treatment group were significantly higher than those in the other treatment groups and the control group. Compared with the control, cadmium, chlorantraniliprole and cadmium+chlorantraniliprole showed inhibitory effects on the CarE activities in different developmental stages of O. furnacalis, and the cadmium+chlorantraniliprole treatment had the strongest inhibitory effect on the CarE activities in various developmental stages of O. furnacalis. Compared with the control, cadmium, chlorantraniliprole and cadmium+chlorantraniliprole showed inducing effects on the AChE activity in the 3rd instar larvae of O. furnacalis, but had different effects on the AChE activities in the pupae and adults. 【Conclusion】 Cadmium (5 mg/kg), chlorantraniliprole (0.003 mg/kg) and their combined treatment can all affect the growth and development of O. furnacalis, and have different effects on its detoxification enzyme activities.

 Honeybee queens share the same genetic background with the workers, and they both are developed from fertilized eggs. Nutritional and spatial variances during the development lead to significant morphological, physiological and behavioral dimorphism between the two castes. The insulin signaling pathway (IIS) regulates the behavior of worker bees, thus influencing their longevity. Longer longevity of queen bees is associated with increased oxidative stress and enhanced stress defense. Vitellogenin (Vg) interacts with juvenile hormone (JH), and the relatively high level of Vg and low level of JH usually lead to longer longevity. Telomerase activity and telomere length are influenced by the development and caste of honeybees. Queens inherit longer telomere length and maintain higher telomerase activity than workers. Overwintering worker bees live longer and show higher telomerase activity than the summer worker bees. Mitochondrial damage is a sign of senescence, while the mitochondrial function of the aged queen remains vigorous. Senescence is closely related to DNA methylation, and DNA methylation and histone modification play important roles in the regulation of plasticity in social insects. With the increase in population aging and the high prevalence of senescence-related diseases, “healthy aging” has triggered a series of concerns in life sciences and social sciences. Studies on honeybee senescence and longevity regulation will provide an important reference for the biology of senescence.

【Aim】 Aphidius gifuensis, as a dominant parasitic wasp of Myzus persicae, has been widely used in production. However, during the propagation of A. gifuensis on a large scale, many problems such as reduced parasitic ability and smaller body size often occur after multiple generations of breeding. The purpose of this study is to screen the best rejuvenation methods by detecting and analyzing the effects of supplementing different concentrations of nutrients and trace elements on the parasitism rates and offspring adult size of A. gifuensis adults on M. persicae, and the contents and activities of growth and development-related enzymes in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis. 【Methods】 A. gifuensis adults of the degenerated population after being reared in laboratory for 10 generations were fed with solutions of different concentrations (5%, 10% and 20%) of nutrients (honey, glucose and sucrose), and different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mg/L) of trace elements including Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn and Co, the parasitism rate and offspring adult size, and the contents and activities of carboxylesterase(CarE)and phenoloxidase (PO) in adults of the offspring were determined. 【Results】 In supplemental nutrition experiments, 10% honey solution had the best rejuvenation effect on A. gifuensis, causing the parasitism rate to increase by 28.00% compared with the control (purified water), but had no significant effect on the offspring adult size. In the group fed with 10% glucose, the CarE content in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis was the highest, which was 38.00% higher than that in the control group. The CarE activity in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis in the group fed with 10% sucrose was the highest, which was 3-fold as high as that in the control group. In the group fed with 10% sucrose, the phenoloxidase content in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis was the highest, which was 56.00% higher than that in the control group. The highest phenoloxidase activity in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis was found in the group fed with 10% glucose, being 1.3-fold as high as that in the control group. In supplemental trace element experiments, the supplementation of 1 mg/L Fe had the best rejuvenation effect on A. gifuensis, resulting in the parasitism rate to increase by 25.33% compared with the control group, but had no significant effect on the offspring adult size. The CarE content in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis in the group fed with 1 mg/L Fe was the highest, which was increased by 50.00% as compared with that in the control group. The CarE activities in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis in groups fed with various trace elements were lower than that in the control group. In the group fed with 1 mg/L Zn, the PO content in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis was the highest, increased by 29.31% as compared with that in the control group. In the group fed with 1 mg/L Mn, the PO activity in adults of the offspring of A. gifuensis was the highest, which was 1.51-fold as high as that in the control group. 【Conclusion】 In production, feeding 10% honey solution or supplementing 1 mg/L Fe can be used to improve the parasitic ability of A. gifuensis on M. persicae, so as to restore or regulate the degenerated population of A. gifuensis.

 【Aim】To clarify the effects of low concentrations of imidacloprid on the olfactory behavior of Hippodamia variegata adults. 【Methods】The behavioral responses of H. variegata adults to healthy cotton plants and adult Aphis gossypii-infested cotton plants after ingestion of low concentrations (LC₂₀ and LC₅₀) of imidacloprid were evaluated by a Y-olfactometer, while the volatiles from healthy and adult A. gossypii-infested cotton plants were collected separately by solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer to identify the volatile components. In addition, the response of H. variegata adults to each volatile component was further tested. 【Results】In the absence of imidacloprid ingestion, H. variegata adults showed a significant positive preference for adult A. gossypii-infested cotton plants, but had no significant tendency to healthy cotton plants or clean air. Besides, H. variegata adults that ingested imidacloprid at low concentrations had no significant tendency to adult A. gossypii-infested cotton plants, healthy cotton plants, or clean air. We identified eight significantly increased volatile compounds from the volatiles of adult A. gossypii-infested cotton plants compared with healthy cotton plants, including myrcene, limonene, 1-decyne, 3-carene, (3E)-4, 8-dimethyl-1, 3, 7-nonatriene (DMNT), β-caryophyllene, α-humulene and (3E,7E)-4, 8, 12-trimethyltrideca-1, 3, 7, 11-tetraene (TMTT). The olfactory selection behavior of H. variegata adults to the above eight compounds measured with Y-olfactometer illustrated that H. variegata adults without imidacloprid ingestion had a significant positive tendency towards TMTT and no significant tendency to the other seven volatile compounds, while H. variegata adults that ingested imidacloprid at low concentrations had no significant positive preference for any of the eight volatile compounds. In the behavioral selection tests, the numbers of unselected individuals in H. variegata adults treated with low concentrations of imidacloprid to both volatiles from cotton plants and their single components were significantly higher than that of the control.【Conclusion】 Our results revealed that low concentrations of imidacloprid weakened the olfactory recognition of cotton plant volatiles by adult H. variegata, providing a scientific basis for the conservation and utilization of H. variegata and the rational use of pesticides in Xinjiang cotton fields.

【Aim】Chelonus formosanus is an important parasitic natural enemy of a variety of lepidopteran pests. This study aims to identify and screen the suitable cold storage conditions of C. formosanus to extend its shelf life.【Methods】After the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at 5, 9 and 13 ℃ for 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 d, respectively, the adult emergence rates, adult longevity, numbers of eggs laid by female adults in 24 h and adult parasitism rates, and adult emergence rates, proportions of females and adult longevity of progeny were observed and compared.【Results】When the 7day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at different low temperatures, the adult emergence rates and adult longevity decreased with the extension of storage time. At the same storage time except 5 d, the adult emergence rate showed an upward trend with the increase of temperature, and the adult emergence rate in the cold storage group at 13 ℃ was significantly higher than those in the cold storage groups at 5 and 9 ℃. Under the storage conditions of 9 and 13 ℃, with the extension of storage time, the number of eggs laid by female adults in 24 h showed a downward trend. After the 7-day-old pupae were stored at 9 ℃ for 10 and 15 d, the adult parasitism rates were significantly lower than that of the control group (stored at 24 ℃), and the adult parasitism rates between the other cold storage treatments and the control group showed no significant difference. When the 7-day-old pupae were stored at 5 ℃ for 5 d, the proportion of females of progeny was the lowest (only 35.27%). When the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at 13 ℃, the proportion of females of progeny showed no significant difference from that of the control. When the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus were stored at different low temperatures, the adult emergence rate and adult longevity of progeny did not differ significantly from those of the control group.【Conclusion】It was recommended that the 7-day-old pupae of C. formosanus should be stored at 13 ℃ for no more than 15 d.

【Aim】 To determine the expression level changes of microRNAs (miRNAs) of Apis mellifera during the overwintering period, explore the potential relationships between miRNAs and their target mRNAs and cold resistance, so as to further reveal the molecular mechanism of cold resistance of A. mellifera at the miRNAomics level. 【Methods】 sRNA-seq technology was used to identify miRNAs in four subspecies of A. mellifera including A. m. ligustica, A. m. mellifera, A. m. caucasica and A. m. carnica during the early and middle overwintering periods. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEmiRNAs) in the four subspecies during different overwintering periods were screened by P≤0.05 and |log₂ fold change|≥1. The screened target mRNAs of miRNAs were predicted using related bioinformatic software, and then annotated by GO and KEGG databases. The regulatory network of DEmiRNAs with target mRNAs was constructed according to the targeted binding relationship, followed by visualization with Cytoscape. Eight DEmiRNAs including ame-miR-263a-5p, ame-miR-184-3p, ame-miR-263b-5p, ame-miR-190-5p, ame-miR-6052-5p, ame-miR-9a-5p, ame-miR-100-5p and ame-miR-306-5p were randomly selected for RT-qPCR validation.【Results】A total of 210 miRNAs were predicted in the four subspecies of A. mellifera during the overwintering period, including 178 conserved miRNAs and 32 new miRNAs. The length of miRNAs in the four subspecies of A. mellifera ranged from 18 to 30 nt, of which the most distributed lengths are 22 and 23 nt, and the number of miRNAs with the first base U is the largest. DEmiRNAs with the highest expression level were ame-miR-1-3p, ame-miR-276-3p and ame-miR-184-3p in the four subspecies of A. mellifera during the early and middle overwintering periods. A total of 22 DEmiRNAs were screened from A. m. ligustica between the early and middle overwintering periods, targeting 394 mRNAs which were annotated to 161 GO functional terms and 16 KEGG pathways. A total of 28 DEmiRNAs were screened from A. m. mellifera between the early and middle overwintering periods, targeting 415 mRNAs which were annotated to 147 GO functional terms and 15 KEGG pathways. A total of 67 DEmiRNAs were screened from A. m. caucasica between the early and middle overwintering periods, targeting 1 021 mRNAs which were annotated to 171 functional GO functional terms and 21 KEGG pathways. A total of 18 DEmiRNAs were screened from A. m. carnica between the early and middle overwintering periods, targeting 330 mRNAs which were annotated to 147 GO functional terms and 13 KEGG pathways. A complicated regulatory network was formed between DEmiRNAs and target mRNAs in the four subspecies of A. mellifera. RT-qPCR results demonstrated that the expression trend of the eight DEmiRNAs was consistent with the data by sRNA-seq, which confirmed the reliability of our sequencing data.【Conclusion】The miRNA expression level changes in the four subspecies of A. mellifera during different overwintering periods were clarified, and several candidate molecular target miRNAs with potential regulation of cold resistance of A. mellifera were obtained, among which ame-miR-14-3p and ame-miR-3786-5p negatively regulate the expression of multiple mRNAs in A. m. mellifera, A. m. caucasica and A. m. carnica, but not in A. m. mellifera. miRNAs are involved in the cold resistance of A. mellifera by regulating the expression of target genes involved in glycerophospholipid metabolism, MAPK signaling pathway and mTOR signaling pathway.

【Aim】This study aims to preliminarily clarify the joint action mechanism of ethyl formate (EF) and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) to Acanthoscelides obtectus through analyzing the transcriptome data of A. obtectus fumigated with EF, MITC and EF+MITC.【Methods】The A. obtectus adults were treated with fumigation of EF(22.398 μL/L), MITC(0.854 μL/L) and EF+MITC(14.764 μL/L) through wild-mouth bottle fumigation method. The control group (CK) was not fumigated. Transcriptome sequencing of the A. obtectus adults treated with fumigation of EF, MITC and EF+MITC was performed with Illumina Hi Seq^TM 4000 sequencing platform. GO classification and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed on differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Six DEGs were selected for RT-qPCR validation.【Results】 There were 171 and 293 DEGs in the CK vs EF and CK vs MITC comparative groups, respectively, and most of them were up-regulated. However, the number of DEGs in the CK vs EF+MITC comparative group was 1 745, and most of them were down-regulated. GO classification of DEGs showed that DEGs in the  CK vs EF and CK vs MITC comparative groups were mainly enriched in cellular anatomical entity, binding, and catalytic activity, while those in the CK vs EF+MITC comparative group were mainly enriched in cellular anatomical entity, binding, and cellular process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs showed that DEGs in the CK vs EF comparative group were mainly enriched in pathways of protein digestion and absorption, lysosome and protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, those in the CK vs MITC comparative group were mainly enriched in pathways of focal adhesion, ECM-receptor interaction and insect hormone biosynthesis, and those in the CK vs EF+MITC comparative group were mainly enriched in RNA transport, DNA replication and mismatch repair. In addition, the expression levels of two and three detoxification enzyme genes in A. obtectus adults in response to EF and MITC fumigation treatments were significantly down-regulated, respectively, however, the expression levels of five detoxification enzyme genes in A. obtectus adults in response to EF+MITC fumigation treatment were significantly down-regulated as compared with those in the CK. The expression trends of the six selected DEGs were basically consistent with the transcriptome data.【Conclusion】The results of this study indicate that the combination of EF and MITC has a synergistic effect, which can induce cell genotoxic damage in A. obtectus. The inhibition of expression of detoxification enzyme genes seems to be the main reason for its synergistic effects. In this study, the molecular mechanism of fumigation and insecticidal effect of the mixture of EF and MITC on A. obtectus was preliminarily clarified, which provides an important basis for the further study on the combined action mechanism of EF and MITC on A. obtectus.

【Aim】 Prokaryotic expression of EoCarE592, a carboxylesterase (CarE) gene from Ectropis obliqua, and exploration of the ability of the recombinant protein to degrade pesticides.【Methods】 The prokaryotic expression vector pET-32a-EoCarE592 was constructed to be transformed to the Escherichia coli BL21 for heterologous expression. The recombinant protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and Western blot, and the inclusion body protein was denatured and renatured. The enzyme activity of the recombinant EoCarE592, and the effects of the temperature, pH, and metal ions on the enzyme activity were determined by using the content standard curve of solid blue B salt colorimetry. Gas chromatography was used to detect the degradation ability of EoCarE592 under pH 7.0 at30 ℃and 0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 h to 200 mg/L lambda-cyhalothrin, methyl-parathion and isoprocarb. 【Results】Recombinant EoCarE592 inclusion body protein was obtained through heterologous expression in E. coli. After urea renaturation, the recombinant EoCarE592 with the enzyme activity of 29.8 U was obtained. The optimal temperature and pH were determined to be around30 ℃and 7.0‒8.0, respectively, and Mg²⁺and K⁺ had a promoting effect on the enzyme activity of EoCarE592. Recombinant EoCarE592 can degrade lambda-cyhalothrin, methyl-parathion and isoprocarb at an initial concentration of 200 mg/L within 24 h at30 ℃, pH 7.0, with the degradation rates of 81.30%, 83.94%, and 79.83%, respectively.【Conclusion】The carboxylase EoCarE592 can degrade lambda-cypermethrin, methyl parathion, and isoprocarb, and  may be involved in the detoxification process of E. obliqua. This study lays a foundation for the degradation of pesticide residues in the environment and fruits and vegetables.

【Aim】This study aims to investigate the molecular characteristics, expression patterns, and biological functions of the mucin-like protein EfMLP genes of Empoasca flavescens. 【Methods】Based on the transcriptome data of E. flavescens, the full-length cDNA sequences of four EfMLP genes were cloned by PCR and analyzed by bioinformatics. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression levels of EfMLP genes across different developmental stages (egg, 1st-5th instar nymphs, and newly emerged female and male adults), and in different tissues (integument, fat body, salivary gland, gut, ovary, and testis) of the newly emerged adults. EfMLP2 and EfMLP4 in the 5th instar nymph were silenced by RNAi through feeding method, and the survival rates of E. flavescens after silencing the EfMLP genes by RNAi were determined by bioassay. 【Results】 The full-length cDNA sequences of four EfMLP genes of E. flavescens were obtained, and named EfMLP1, EfMLP2, EfMLP3 and EfMLP4 with the GenBank accession numbers of OR504428, OR504429, OR504430 and OR504431, respectively. The obtained four EfMLPs all contain highly repetitive tandem repeat sequences, which are rich in O-linked glycosylation sites, forming the mucin domain (MD). Among them, both EfMLP3 and EfMLP4 contain a conserved type-2 chitin binding domain (CBD). Phylogenetic analysis result revealed that EfMLPs were divided into two different branches belonging to two different MLP types, which showed no correlation with insect taxonomy, but might be considered to be related to their functions. EfMLP1 and EfMLP2 exhibited specifically high expression in the newly emerged female and male adults and the salivary glands of the newly emerged adults. In contrast, the expression of EfMLP3 and EfMLP4 was identified in various developmental stages, including egg, nymphal and adult stages, as well as in diverse tissues such as the fat body of the newly emerged adult. Inhibition of the expression of EfMLP2 and EfMLP4 in E. flavescens by feeding dsEfMLP2 and dsEfMLP4 significantly reduced the survival rate of E. flavescens compared with the control group fed with dsGFP. 【Conclusion】 EfMLPs play an important role in the feeding of E. flavescens and can be used as a potential target in control of this pest insect based on RNAi strategies.

【Aim】 To clarify the effects of the medium lethal concentration (LC₅₀) of avermectin on the development of short-term resistance of Psylla chinensis to avermectin. 【Methods】 The LC₅₀ value of avermectin to the 3rd instar nymphs of the field population (F) of P. chinensis was determined at 24 h after treatment by leaf-dipping method. Based on the F population, the relative avermectin-sensitive strain (SS), the field resistant strain from the F population after exposure to LC₅₀ of avermectin for six consecutive generations (FR) and the field control strain from the F population without exposure to avermectin for six consecutive generations (FS) of P. chinensis were established under indoor conditions. The resistance ratios of the 3rd instar nymphs of the F population and various strains of P. chinensis to avermectin were measured, and the developmental duration and survival rate of each developmental stage, and adult longevity and numbers of eggs laid per female of various strains were measured to construct a two-sex life table. 【Results】 The LC₅₀ values of avermectin to the 3rd instar nymphs of the F population and the SS strain of P. chinensis at 24 h after treatment were 2.458 and 0.706 mg/L, respectively. The resistance ratios of the 3rd instar nymphs of the F population, FR strain and FS strain to avermectin were 3.458, 11.965 and 1.782-fold, respectively. The developmental duration and survival rate of each developmental stage, and adult longevity and number of eggs laid per female of the FR strain changed as compared with those of the FS strain and SS strain. The egg duration and nymphal duration of the FR strain were significantly longer than those of the FS strain and SS strain. The adult longevity of the FR strain was shorter than that of the FS strain and SS strain. The number of eggs laid per female of the FR strain was decreased by 57.000 and 74.300 grains, respectively, as compared with those of the FS strain and SS strain. The intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ) and net reproductive rate (R₀) of the FR strain were also decreased as compared with those of the FS strain and SS strain. The relative fitness of the FR strain was 0.743, which was 0.807-fold as high as that of the FS strain. 【Conclusion】 The resistance level of P. chinensis to avermectin increased and the fitness decreased by continuous treatment with LC₅₀ of avermectin for six generations. Therefore, avermectin should not be continuously used in pear orchards in order to delay the increase of the resistance of P. chinensis to avermectin.

Eusocial insects, such as bees, ants and wasps of the Hymenoptera and termites of the Blattodea, have significant diversity in morphology, behavior and life cycle, although their genetic background and genetic basis are consistent in a population. Most eusocial insects show different caste structure and life span differentiation. In these structure, queens tend to have a longer life span than workers, and their reproductive capacity is only owned by one queen or several queens, while the other members of the group can only act as workers. However, in some species, the caste structure has certain plasticity, and individuals can switch from one caste or behavioral phenotype to another according to specific environmental clues. Due to the common genetic background between different castes, the diversity of eusocial insect populations is largely caused by the gene transcriptional differences between individuals. This means that epigenetic mechanisms characterized by modifying gene expression without changing the gene sequence may play an important role in eusocial insects. Evidence had shown that epigenetic regulatory mechanisms such as DNA methylation or RNA methylation, histone post-translation modification and non-coding RNA had been proven to affect eusocial insects in many aspects, such as caste structure, longevity differentiation and aging. In this article, we reviewed the research progress of these epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and their different roles in insects, so as to deepen the understanding and cognitive degree of the origin and behavior evolution of eusocial insects. In the future, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms have potential application value in the research and development of anti-aging drugs, treatment of aging-related diseases, and slowing down the aging process of organisms.

 【Aim】 To clarify the effects of broflanilide on the fitness and detoxification enzyme activities of Spodoptera frugiperda after multiple generations of selection and to provide a theoretical basis for the scientific and rational use of this insecticide. 【Methods】 The changes in the toxicity of broflaniliole to the 3rd instar larvae, the activities of detoxification enzyms (cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, glutathione S-transferase and carboxylesterase) in the 3rd instar larvae and the population fitness of S. frugiperda were determined after the newly hatched larvae were continuously exposed to 0.25 mg/L of broflanilide for 10 generations by the diet-overlay method. And the synergistic effects of three synergists (PBO, TPP and DEM) on broflanilide were determined in bioassay against the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda. 【Results】 After 10 generations of selection by broflanilide, the exposed S. frugiperda population Bro-SEL developed 2.71-fold resistance to broflanilide, compared to the unexposed population UNSEL. At the same time, the fecundity and larval survival rate of the exposed population Bro-SEL were significantly decreased and the population parameters (intrinsic rate of increase, finite rate of increase and net reproductive rate) were also significantly decreased, as compared to those in UNSEL. The Bro-SEL population had the relative fitness of 0.35. The carboxylesterase activities in the 3rd instar larvae of Bro-SEL were significantly increased by 1.62- and 1.61-fold, respectively, when using α-NA and β-NA as the substrates, but the activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and glutathione S-transferase in the 3rd instar larvae of Bro-SEL had no significant change as compared with those in the unexposed population UNSEL. Bioassay against the 3rd instar larvae of S. frugiperda revealed that both PBO and TPP had significant synergistic effects on broflanilide, with the synergistic ratios of 1.31 and 1.42, respectively.【Conclusion】 These results showed that there was little change in the toxicity of broflanilide to S. frugiperda population after 10 generations of selection by the insecticide broflanilide, indicating that S. frugiperda has a low risk of metabolic resistance to broflanilide, but the population development and reproduction of S. frugiperda have high fitness cost, and broflanilide is a good alternative agent for controlling S. frugiperda.

 A stable intestinal microbial internal environment is the result of the interaction between intestinal microbes and intestinal immune response. During the continuous feeding, the species and number of insect intestinal microbes constantly change, so a complex and dynamic homeostatic mechanism is formed between intestinal microbes and intestinal epithelial cells. Insect intestinal epithelial cells can sense beneficial and harmful conditions and use immunoregulatory pathways for dynamic regulation of microbial population homeostasis, such as the dual oxidase-reactive oxygen species (Duox-ROS) system and immunodeficiency (Imd) signaling pathways, which can sense the changes in the number of intestinal microbies and participate in the regulation of intestinal microbial homeostasis. In addition, the intestinal microbes can also indirectly play a role in homeostatic regulation by releasing corresponding effectors to regulate the behavior of the flora through quorum sensing (QS). Thus, in this article, we reviewed the roles of physical defense, immune signaling pathways and QS in the maintenance of insect intestinal microbial homeostasis, which will deepen the understanding of the interactions between intestinal tissues and intestinal microbes. In the future, we will continue to reveal the regulatory mechanisms of microbial homeostasis in more species of insects and the relationship between the regulatory mechanisms. In addition, new pesticides will be designed and developed to alter the homeostasis of intestinal microbes based on the regulatory mechanisms, which will provide new targets and ideas for the pest control.

【Aim】 Statistical analysis and study of insect grooming behaviors are important for pest control and human health. In view that the traditional method of manually recording grooming behaviors is time-consuming and error-prone, we proposed a computer vision and deep learning-based method for the detection and recognition of grooming behaviors of the Oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. 【Methods】 First, we processed the B. dorsalis video data to obtain frame images, and screened 3 000 images as the training dataset. We built the YOLO V7 target detection algorithm to detect B. dorsalis target in video data, and framed the target and cropped it by video processing algorithm. Finally, we migrated the pre-training weights to the training model by transfer learning method, and recognized seven grooming behaviors (foreleg grooming, head grooming, fore-midleg grooming, mid-hindleg grooming, hindleg grooming, wing grooming and stationary) of B. dorsalis using the temporal shift module (TSM) deep learning model based on non-local attention improvement. 【Results】 The accuracy and recall rate of the original video of the B. dorsalis dataset trained by YOLO V7 target detection algorithm were 99.2% and 99.1%, respectively. Applying this research algorithm to process the video dataset, and then recognizing and counting grooming behaviors through an improved TSM model based on the non-local attention module, we got the final average accuracy of over 97% with a standard deviation of less than 3%. Compared with the other four deep learning models (I3D, R2+1D, SlowFast and Timesformer), this research method had a ~9.76% improvement in accuracy, ensuring the accuracy of B. dorsalis grooming behavior detection and recognition. 【Conclusion】 The method proposed in this study greatly reduces the time of manual observation, and ensures the accuracy of grooming behavior recognition of B. dorsalis, providing new ideas and methods for researching insect behavior and contributing to the modern development of intelligent agriculture.

【Aim】 This study aims to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships among the higher-level taxa (families and subfamilies) of Termitoidae using transcriptome and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data, providing a phylogenomic approach for studing the systematic evolution of termites. 【Methods】 By downloading the existing transcriptome (70) and low-coverage whole-genome (5) sequencing data of 67 species of termites and 8 related species of Blattodea, we used BUSCO to evaluate these sequence data and screen the singlecopy nuclear genes. MAFFT was used to align the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the obtained single-copy nuclear genes, and trimAl was used to trim the alignments. Phykit was used to generate nucleotide and amino acid sequence data supermatrices with different completeness (including 50% and 25% missing data, respectively) to investigate the effect of missing data on the phylogenetic reconstruction. IQ-TREE was used to construct the maximum likelihood (ML) trees based on each matrix. In addition, ASTRAL was utilized to summarize the ML trees constructed on each marker included in the amino acid dataset faa_all, and obtain the species tree. Finally, FcLM analysis implemented in IQ-TREE was used to test the topology structure of different trees and obtain support for possible phylogenetic relationships inferred from different datasets. 【Results】 A total of 1 325 single-copy nuclear genes from the existing transcriptome and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data of termites were obtained. Based on these single-copy nuclear genes, we constructed genomescale supermatrices of nucleotide and amino acid sequence data, with nucleotide sequence datasets ranging from 144 294 to 1 839 525 sites and amino acid datasets ranging from 48 098 to 613 175 sites. Different types of data matrices generated similar phylogenetic relationships in Termitoidae and three nucleotide data matrices produced the same inter-family phylogenetic relationships. For the amino acid data, two out of the three concatenated gene datasets produced inter-family phylogenetic relationships that were largely consistent with the nucleotide sequence datasets. This study supports the monophyly of Termitoidae and suggests that Mastotermitidae is the sister group to all other termite families. In most analyses, Archotermopsidae and Stolotermitidae were sister groups, forming the 2nd diverging branch within Termitoidae. The family Kalotermitidae is also a relatively ancient lineage within the termites, positioned after the Archotermopsidae and Stolotermitidae. The family Kalotermitidae forms a sister group relationship with the Neoisoptera. All analyses strongly support the monophyly of Neoisoptera. Within Neoisoptera, the family Stylotermitidae is the sister group to the remaining termite lineages. The family Serritermitidae is also a relatively basal lineage within Neoisoptera. The family Rhinotermitidae is a non-monophyletic group. The family Termitidae is a monophyletic group, with four out of the six concatenated gene datasets and species trees supporting the subfamily Macrotermitinae as the sister group to all other subfamilies within Termitidae. Most analyses support the subfamily Apicotermitinae as the 2nd branch within Termitidae. The concatenated gene data matrix supports the non-monophyly of Termitinae, but the species tree recovered Termitinae as a monophyletic group. 【Conclusion】 This study demonstrates the utility of transcriptome and low-coverage whole-genome sequencing data in reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships within Termitoidae, yielding results consistent with the previous studies. However, further data sampling, including specimens and molecular markers, is needed to elucidate the inter-subfamily relationships within this insect group.