The effects of soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI), gossypol, and tannic acid on the growth and digestive physiology of cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera(Hubner) were studied. Each of three agents inhibited larval midgut proteolytic activity in vitro; STI was the most effective. When incorporated into an artificial diet,0.84% (dry weight) STI significantly reduced the high alkaline trypsin-like enzymeactivity by 18%; 0.3% tannic acid significantly decreased the low alkaline trypsin-like enzyme activity and total proteolytic activity by 22% and 18% respectively; and 0.3% gossypol had no significant effect on proteolysis. All the three agents remarkably suppressed the growth of larvae. Co-occurrences of STI and gossypol or tannic acid respectively declined the low alkaline trypsin-like enzymeactivity by 34% and 66%, the high alkaline trypsin-like enzyme activity by 33% and 55%, and the total proteolytic activity by 30% and 66%. Co-occurrence of STI and tannic acid also reduced chymotrypsin-like enzyme activity by 53%. Both gossypol and tannic acid potentiated the larval growth inhibitory activity of STI, and this implicates the protease inhibitor engineered into the cotton with high gossypol and/or tannin content may achieve greater protection against the cotton bollworm.

Regression of pyrethroids resistance in Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)following several generations of insecticide-free laboratory rearing was evaluated.Although laboratory selected Fen-R strain had extremely high level resistance to fenvalerate (3 166.3 fold), the resistance was unstable and decreased to 61.4 fold after14 generations when selection was suspended. Studies on several field-collected cotton bollworms resistant to pyrethroids (fenvalerate, deltamethrin & cyhalothrin) showed that their resistance was also unstable; it declined rapidly without contact with the pyrethroids at first and then stablized at a 2- 9 fold level. It seemed very difficult to recover susceptibility completely to the three pyrethroids.

The morphology of the 3rd instar larval cotton bollworm (Helicoverpaarmigera Hubner) ventral nerve and muscle was studied by scanning electron and light microscopes. The results of observation showed that all of the ventral longitudinal muscle cells are suitable for the electrophysiological intracellular recording. The nerve sensitivity to the corresponding pesticides of 3rd instar larval neuromuscular synapses of three strains of the cotton bollworm including the control, the cyhalothrin resistant (Cy-R, resistance ratio: 13.4) and the fenvalerate resistant (Fri-R, resistance ratio: 37.9)strains was studied by using the electrophysiological intracellular microelectrode recording technique. The results showed that when Cy-R was treated by 10^-6mol /L cyhalothrin, 60% individuals had the repetitive discharge within 30m in; however, the reaction time was 3.5 times as much as that of the control. And the other 40%individuals had no reaction. When Fn-R was treated by 10^-6mol /L fenvalerate, 53% individuals had the repetitive burst discharge within 30min, however, the reaction time was 4.2 times as much as that of the control. And the other 47% individuals had no reaction. It implies that the decreased nerve sensitivity is an important pyrethroid resistance mechanism of cotton bollworm.

Some characteristics of the humoral defence substance of diapausing pupae of Antheraea pernyi were investigated. The results showed that: (1) After 6 hours of induction with Escherichia coli k-12 antibacterial substance appeared in the haemolymph of the pupae. The antibacterial activity rose to the peak on the 7th day, and disappeared after 15 days. The antibacterial activity induced by injection of salt solution was weaker than that by E.coli, and maintained only about 10 days. (2) In addition to E.coB, Bacillusthuringiensis, Bacillus subtilis as well as Staphlococcus aureus were also susceptible to haemolymph treated with E. coll. The bactericidal effect of the treated haemolymph wasstronger in the first 5 minutes than in the later 15 minutes and was stronger in that induced with E. coli than that with salt solution. (3) B. thuringiensis had the same effect ofinducing antibacterial activity as E. coli, but the diapausing pupae treated with B.Thuringiensis could not devolop and all died after 3 days, while those treated with E. coliedosed normally. (4) Different dosages within a certain range of E. coli produced the sameeffect on induction of antibacterial activity.

In this paper, difference between male and female pupae of Bombyx mori in near infrared reflectance spectra(NIRS) and the feasibility and method of spectra recognition to identify the sex of fresh pupae were studied. By Model 6250 NIR instrument, indestructive determination of 721 fresh silkworm pupae selected from Chinese race, Japanese race and their hybrid was made with suitable wavelengthschosen between 680nm and 1235nm. Fifty male and fifty female pupae was randomly selected from 217 pupae of Japanese race as learning samples. The feature at 5 wavelengths was extracted as observation vector from data of their second derivative spectra by a stepwise discriminant analysis. Statistical analysis showed that there were extremely significant differences between male and female pupae in NIRS at the 5wavelengths. When the Bayes quadratic discriminant function built by the feature was used to predict the sex of the other 621 test samples, 98.7% of correct rate of the identification recognition was obtained. This method is much better than other identification ones which use weight or size of pupae as their feature. The mechanism is discussed.

The development of thoracic dorsolongitudinal muscle in the female adult Oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) reared at 23℃ , aged from emergence to sixteenth day of the adult life was studied through quantitative and qualitative analysis of elecron micrographs. Myofibrillar diameter, mitochondria and T-system volume fractions of the muscle fiber increased from 0.7μm, 35% and 2.5% at emergence or 1-day-old to 1μm, 45% and 8.5%, respectively by day 7 of the adult life, while sarcomere length short- ened from 3.0μm to 2.2μm during this period, but the hexagonaI organization of myoffiaments and the number of thick filaments per myofibril remained unchanged.Thereafter, the myofibrillar diameter, mitochondria and T-system volume fractions become decreased and the sarcomere length increased gradually. Thin filaments and the hexagonal arrangement of myofilaments disappeared and the number of thick filaments per myofibril reduced from about 600 to 450 by day 10 of the moth life; they are indicative of muscle degeneration. Developmental changes of the dyads and triads in volume fraction of T-system of the muscle varied: the ratio of dyads was high when the volume fraction ofT-system was low while the ratio of triads was high when that of T-system was high. These results indicate that ultrastructural changes do occur in flight muscle development of the moth, even though variation in volume fractions of myofibrillar and sarcoplasmicreticulum of the muscle fiber shows no obvious trend. Flight muscle development seems to be related to flight performance and ovarian development in female moth of M. separata when their relationship is investigated in light of published findings. The moth's flight muscle grows and flight capacity increases as its ovary develops, but its flight muscle degenerates and flight capacity decreases after the moth begins laying eggs.

Colonization of Reticulitermes chinensis Snyder was influenced by temperature,moisture, food, soil and room size was researched in laboratory as well as in the field. It was found that in a matrix at 20℃-28℃ ,50.5%-69.6% moisture content, new colonies were developed from paired adults. When the temperature was higher than 30℃and the RH lower than 38.2%,few colonies were built. Soldier termites fed most at 25℃. The moisture content of termite excreta in the nest and that of timber were 54.8% and 52.3% respectively. Among the seven kinds of timber tested for building new colonies,the fastest for colonization was Robinia pseudoacacia L., next came Cinnamomum camphora(L.) Presl, and Pinus massoniana Lamb. Soil and room size also had definite influence on colonization. Based on the above, the limiting factors of termites nest building wasclarified, the nest immigration and recolonization of termites depend on the environment factors, and the relerant control strategy was given.

An ecological study on the laboratory population of cigarette beetle,Lasioderma serricorne, was carried out under the treatment combination of six levels of temperature (20.3℃ ,23.9℃ ,27.7℃ ,32.2℃ , 33.7℃ ,35.9℃) and three levels of relative humidities (51.3%-55.0% RH, 75.5%-76.0% RH, 83.8%-85.0% RH). Parameters for development, survival and fecundity of cigarette beetle laboratory population were obtained by means of statistics analysis in various rearing experiments. The temperature range for development is 14℃-36℃ , the most optimal temperature and relative humidity are 30℃-34℃ ,70%-85% RH, the generation duration is 35 -128 days, the total effective temperature is 718-758 day-degree, and the average numbers of eggs laid by females are 6-97. The temperature higher than 36℃ and relative humidity less than 51% have adverse influence on survival. Finally, the theoretical models for growth duration,development speed, survival rate, fecundity were constructed.

Based on faunal analysis of 227 species of butterflies, the Wuyishanbutterflies are regarded to belong to the fauna of Oriental Region. The study on vertical distribution in the area suggests that from the foot of the mountain, Oriental species reduce gradually with rising of elevation but Palaearctic species increase, especially above 1 100m. Above 1 8OOm there are Palaearctic and across-Palaearctic species instead of Oriental ones. This study has been carried out on the limit of horizontal distribution from south to north, the limit of vertical distribution above different elevation and the relationship between these two distributions of the Wuyishan butterflies.

In the present paper, a new species of Stenodema Laporte collected fromAr-hangai aimag, Mongolia, is described. Type specimen is deposited in Inner Mongolia Normal University. All the measurements in this paper are in mm.

In this paper, a new species of the genus Inthaxara Distant, 1913 from FujianProvince is described. Type specmens are deposited in the Entomological Museum,Northwestern Agriculttwal University and the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica.

The Chinese Hepialus moths (Lepidoptera: Hepialidae) are a kind of important resources insects, for their larvae after being infected by the fungus Cordyceps sinensis become the traditional and rare medicinal herbs, the Chinese insect herbs. Sofar thirty six species are known in China, and all are palaearctic species. Amongthem thirty three are endemic to China and restricted to western part of the Qinghai-Xizang plateau, two species are known from central asia and one species from Euro-asian area. The Chinese Hepialus mainly occur in the Alpine meadows of Xizang, Qinghai, Yunnan, Sichuan and Gansu, while a small amount of them scattered in the plastures of Xinjiang, Heilongjiang, Nei Mongol (Inner Mongolia), etc.Nearly ninety five percent of the Chinese Hepialus has a very narrow range ofdistrbution, usually different species are known among different mountain ranges,even from different sides and habitats of the same mountain. We conclude that the distributional centre of this genus is Transhimalaya Mountains, located between 27°-29°N.lat.And95°-103°E. longitude. This area is concentric with eighty percent of known Hepialus. The vertical distribution of these lepidopterans rangesfrom the lowest elevation of 3000m in southern area and circa 2500m in northern area to the highest elevation of 5100m, and with optimal elevation range from 4000 to 4800m. The distributional range of Hepialus mainly is effected by food, vegetation,soil structure, temperature and humidity.

This paper deals with a new species of Eusimulium from Yadong, Tibet, China. The female, pupa and larva of Simulium(Eusimulium)novigracilis sp. Nov. are described.The new species belongs to the latipes-group. By the shape of cocoon and the number of filaments, this new specis is similar to S (E.) gracilis Datta, 1973 (from India) and S(E.) bertrandi Grenier & Defter, 1959(from France), but is distinguished from them by: theshape of cibarium base (fig. 3), the third segment of maxillary palp (fig2)with median large sensory vesicle opening at the end, in female; the shape of terminalia of male and female; head and thoracic trichomes single, the arrangement of filaments(fig. 8), the shape and the lenth of the mid-dorsal projection of pupa; the shape of postgenal cleft (door-arched shape) and the shape of anal sclerite of larva.

The present paper describes two new species of the genus Dolichocybecollected from edible fungi in China. The type specimens are kept in Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Shanghai Agricultural College. All measurements are in micron.

The genus of Aplonobia has been recorded 17 species from all over the world.But it has not been found in China. The authors have collected a new species belonging to this genus from Xinjiang.